Oxygen evolution on Ru and RuO2 electrodes studied using isotope labelling and on-line mass spectrometry

Wohlfahrt‐Mehrens, M.; Heitbaum, J.

doi:10.1016/0022-0728(87)85237-3

Cited by 272 publications

(216 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Finally, on-line gas analysis coupled with oxygen isotopic labelling was proven to be the tool of choice to provide conclusive evidence for lattice oxygen involvement in catalytic reactions, not only for high temperature [107] but also for low temperature electrocatalytic oxygen evolution [6,[111][112][113], and to explore reaction mechanisms and gain further insight into intermediates formed during the reaction.…”

Section: Latest Development Of Analytical Tools For Analyzing the Oximentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Controlling the Redox Activity of Oxygen in Perovskites: From Theory to Application for Catalytic Reactions

Yang

Grimaud

2017

Catalysts

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Abstract:Triggering the redox reaction of oxygens has become essential for the development of (electro) catalytic properties of transition metal oxides, especially for perovskite materials that have been envisaged for a variety of applications such as the oxygen evolution or reduction reactions (OER and ORR, respectively), CO or hydrocarbons oxidation, NO reduction and others. While the formation of ligand hole for perovskites is well-known for solid state physicists and/or chemists and has been widely studied for the understanding of important electronic properties such as superconductivity, insulator-metal transitions, magnetoresistance, ferroelectrics, redox properties etc., oxygen electrocatalysis in aqueous media at low temperature barely scratches the surface of the concept of oxygen ions oxidation. In this review, we briefly explain the electronic structure of perovskite materials and go through a few important parameters such as the ionization potential, Madelung potential, and charge transfer energy that govern the oxidation of oxygen ions. We then describe the surface reactivity that can be induced by the redox activity of the oxygen network and the formation of highly reactive surface oxygen species before describing their participation in catalytic reactions and providing mechanistic insights and strategies for designing new (electro) catalysts. Finally, we give a brief overview of the different techniques that can be employed to detect the formation of such transient oxygen species.

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Section: Latest Development Of Analytical Tools For Analyzing the Oximentioning

confidence: 99%

Factors Controlling the Redox Activity of Oxygen in Perovskites: From Theory to Application for Catalytic Reactions

Yang

Grimaud

2017

Catalysts

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“…[11][12][13] The International Energy Agency identifi ed a key obstacle to the widespread implementation of water splitting technologies to be the development of cheap and active materials to catalyze both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which operate under identical and mild conditions with high efficiency and stability. [ 14 ] The most active catalysts of the HER and OER contain precious metals: Pt and RuO 2 /IrO 2 , respectively, [15][16][17][18] but there is no real possibility to scale up these materials for global demand due to their scarcity. A sustainable and global process will require the use of inexpensive, widely abundant and nontoxic materials.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Bi‐Functional Iron‐Only Electrodes for Efficient Water Splitting with Enhanced Stability through In Situ Electrochemical Regeneration

Martindale

Reisner

2015

Advanced Energy Materials

152

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are the indirect conversion of solar into chemical energy using a photovoltaic (PV)-electrolyzer [ 9,10 ] system and its direct conversion with a photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell. [11][12][13] The International Energy Agency identifi ed a key obstacle to the widespread implementation of water splitting technologies to be the development of cheap and active materials to catalyze both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), which operate under identical and mild conditions with high efficiency and stability. [ 14 ] The most active catalysts of the HER and OER contain precious metals: Pt and RuO 2 /IrO 2 , respectively, [15][16][17][18] but there is no real possibility to scale up these materials for global demand due to their scarcity. A sustainable and global process will require the use of inexpensive, widely abundant and nontoxic materials. Figure S1 (Supporting Information) shows the recent cost of transition metal resources and their relative crustal abundance. Rare, high cost elements are suitable for use in luxury items such as catalytic converters in automobiles. Even medium cost-abundance catalysts such as the much investigated HER catalysts, Ni-Mo alloys, [ 19,20 ] as well as Ni 2 P, [ 21 ] CoP, [ 22 ] and MoS 2 , [23][24][25][26] and the OER catalysts, cobaltphosphate (CoP i ), [ 27 ] nickel-borate (NiB i ), 25 and (mixed) metal oxide-hydroxides [29][30][31][32] can still suffer from scalability issues. For example, cobalt constitutes the largest cost in most Li-ion rechargeable batteries (LiCoO 2 ), which has contributed to significant research into its replacement with iron (LiFePO 4 ) and manganese (LiMnO 2 ) analogs. [ 33 ] Approaches to overcome the use of more expensive metals in catalysis include the use of ultra-low concentrations of the active catalyst embedded in a lower-cost matrix [ 34 ] or in this case the identifi cation of active species which contain only Earth-abundant elements. [ 30 ] Only three transition metals (titanium, manganese, and iron) are truly abundant in Earth's crust (the primary source of metal ores) and within this group, iron is by far the most plentiful. Hence iron is arguably the most attractive element on which to base sustainable catalysts, due to its effectively inexhaustible supply, low toxicity, and negligible environmental impact. Despite this, iron-based catalysts have been relatively underreported and underused, probably due to their notoriety for corrosion.Iron-based electrodes for either the HER or the OER have been reported, [35][36][37][38][39][40] but bi-functionally active iron-only materials in water splitting are unknown. For example, FeP is described as a promising high activity noble-metal-free material Scalable and robust electrocatalysts are required for the implementation of water splitting technologies as a globally applicable means of producing affordable renewable hydrogen. It is demonstrated that iron-only electrode materials prove to be active for catalyzing both proton reduction and water oxidation in alkali...

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“…Bruckenstein and co-workers [2,3,4,5] and later mainly Heitbaum et al used this technique extensively to identify volatile reaction products [6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18]. Similar techniques were employed in the nineteen-eighties and later by Kreysa and Breidenbach [19], Anderson and co-workers [20,21,22], and Iwasita and co-workers [23,24].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 88%

On-line electrochemistry – MS and related techniques

Diehl

Kärst

2002

Anal Bioanal Chem

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This review summarizes publications on the on-line coupling of electrochemistry with mass spectrometry. After a brief historic introduction it is divided into three parts, organized in order of increasing complexity of the experimental arrangement. The first section deals with the use of the electrospray ion source as an electrochemical reactor for oxidation or reduction reactions. It is followed by the second part which covers the hyphenation of different kinds of electrochemical flow cell with a variety of ionization interfaces. The last section focuses on the on-line coupling of chromatographic techniques with electrochemical flow cells and mass spectrometry.

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Oxygen evolution on Ru and RuO2 electrodes studied using isotope labelling and on-line mass spectrometry

Cited by 272 publications

References 15 publications

Factors Controlling the Redox Activity of Oxygen in Perovskites: From Theory to Application for Catalytic Reactions

Factors Controlling the Redox Activity of Oxygen in Perovskites: From Theory to Application for Catalytic Reactions

Bi‐Functional Iron‐Only Electrodes for Efficient Water Splitting with Enhanced Stability through In Situ Electrochemical Regeneration

On-line electrochemistry – MS and related techniques

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