The one-step valorization of natural
gas remains a challenge. Methane
conversion to methanol via chemical looping over
copper-containing zeolites is a promising route, and CuMFI is among
the earliest successfully applied. However, the structure of the active
sites in CuMFI, as well as the effect of copper loading and Si/Al
ratio on the copper speciation, are yet to be understood. We found
that for CuMFI, the Cu/Al ratio determines the selectivity of methane
conversion by governing the structure of the active dicopper sites.
At a Cu/Al ratio below 0.3, copper-containing MFI materials host dimeric
centers with a Cu–Cu separation of 2.9 Å and a UV/vis
absorption band at 27 200 cm–1 capable of
selective oxidation of methane to methanol in a wide temperature range
(450–550 K). A higher Cu/Al ratio leads to the formation of
mono-μ-oxo dicopper sites with Cu–Cu = 3.2 Å, which
exhibit a characteristic band at 21 900 cm–1 and react with methane at lower temperatures (<450 K), yielding
overoxidation products. Identifying distinctions in the structure
of selective and nonselective copper sites will aid in the design
of better-performing materials.