2008
DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200800296
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Oxygen Microscopy by Two‐Photon‐Excited Phosphorescence

Abstract: High-resolution images of oxygen distributions in microheterogeneous samples are obtained by twophoton laser scanning microscopy (2P LSM), using a newly developed dendritic nanoprobe with internally enhanced two-photon absorption (2PA) cross-section. In this probe, energy is harvested by a 2PA antenna, which passes excitation onto a phosphorescent metalloporphyrin via intramolecular energy transfer. The 2P LSM allows sectioning of oxygen gradients with near diffraction-limited resolution, and lifetime-based ac… Show more

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Cited by 227 publications
(308 citation statements)
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“…From our experience investigating cerebral metabolism in vivo, FAD fluorescence is weak and provides an inadequate signal to noise ratio, likely the result of low FAD concentration in cerebral cortex [10]. Additionally, a spectral conflict exists between NADH and the coumarin molecules of presently-available O2-sensitive contrast agent for 2P microscopy [45,46], which currently prevents simultaneous 2PM measurements of pO2 and NADH in tissue. Deciphering as much metabolic information from intrinsic NADH is therefore a highlycoveted goal for characterizing cerebral metabolism in vivo.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…From our experience investigating cerebral metabolism in vivo, FAD fluorescence is weak and provides an inadequate signal to noise ratio, likely the result of low FAD concentration in cerebral cortex [10]. Additionally, a spectral conflict exists between NADH and the coumarin molecules of presently-available O2-sensitive contrast agent for 2P microscopy [45,46], which currently prevents simultaneous 2PM measurements of pO2 and NADH in tissue. Deciphering as much metabolic information from intrinsic NADH is therefore a highlycoveted goal for characterizing cerebral metabolism in vivo.…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…In order to identify spatial distribution of oxygenation in individual retinal blood vessels, imaging-based methods are required. For example, phosphorescence lifetime imaging can map the oxygen tension in mouse retinal vessels based on oxygen-dependent emission quenching of the injected phosphorescent probe [15,16]. Unfortunately, the need to introduce toxic fluorescent probes into the systemic circulation makes it inappropriate for human uses.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The materials used in optical oxygen sensors are quite established. [1][2][3][4] Most oxygen sensors employ such widespread indicators as ruthenium(II) polypyridyl complexes, [5][6][7] platinum(II) and palladium(II) porphyrins [8][9][10][11] and their analogues. [12][13][14] Other luminescent indicators are less popular which is explained by their inferior photophysical properties (low absorption coefficients and luminescence quantum yields, short luminescence decay times, poor photostability etc.)…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%