“…Thermal plasma (hightemperature or equilibrium plasma) is in thermodynamic equilibrium, making it unsuitable for the treatment of biological material due to its high temperature. Nonthermal plasma (cold plasma or nonequilibrium plasma), on the other hand, is not in thermodynamic equilibrium, making it suitable for the treatment of biological material, as the temperature of discharge is near room temperature (Bès et al 2018, Lin et al 2022.…”