Oxygen Poisoning in <i>Drosophila </i>

Fenn, Wallace O.; Henning, Marcia; Philpott, Mary

doi:10.1085/jgp.50.6.1693

Cited by 20 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…The tetravalent reduction of 02 to two H20, which occurs during respiration, is typically accompanied by a low-level loss of univalently reduced°2. Exposure to increased concentrations of atmospheric oxygen (hyperoxia) can be toxic to Drosophila (17,18), presumably as a result of respiration-dependent overproduction of°2 to toxic levels. We investigated the role of uric acid in defense against hyperoxia-generated 0°by determining the sensitivity to hyperoxia of ry?…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urate-null rosy mutants of Drosophila melanogaster are hypersensitive to oxygen stress.

Hilliker

Duyf

Evans

et al. 1992

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

131

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It has been proposed that uric acid is an important scavenger ofdeleterious oxygen radicals in biological systems [Ames, B. N., Cathcart, R., Schwiers, E. & Hochstein, P. (1981) ide dismutase are synthetic lethals, which are unable to complete metamorphosis under normal growth conditions. These experiments demonstrate unambiguously the importance of urate in oxygen defense in vivo and support our earlier proposal that the molybdoenzyme genetic system plays a critical role in oxygen defense in Drosophila. They also form the basis for our proposal that metamorphosis in Drosophila imposes a crisis of oxygen stress on the developing imago against which uric acid plays an important organ-specific defense. Finally, the results provide a basis for understanding the syndrome of phenotypes, including the hallmark dull brown eye color, which characterizes mutants of this classic genetic system of Drosophila.Ground-state molecular oxygen (02) is required for aerobic respiration, a process through which it normally undergoes complete tetravalent reduction to H20. However, partially reduced and highly reactive oxygen species [superoxide (O°), hydrogen peroxide, (H202), the hydroxyl radical, (OH-), and singlet oxygen (01)] are also formed as byproducts of normal aerobic metabolism and by the natural proclivity of dioxygen to abstract electrons from a variety of metabolic reactions. The biological consequences of exposure to active oxygen species originate in their reactivity with a variety of important biomolecules including nucleic acids, proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids. Many of the products of these reactions are cytotoxic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic and may be lethal to the organism. These reactions have been widely implicated in the etiology of many diseases and in the overall processes of normal cellular senescence and organismal aging (for a review, see ref.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urate-null rosy mutants of Drosophila melanogaster are hypersensitive to oxygen stress.

Hilliker

Duyf

Evans

et al. 1992

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

131

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Oxygen toxicity Oxygen free radicals or reactive oxygen species can cause loss of function and damage within a cell, a situation referred to as oxidative stress. Although low levels of reactive oxygen species may be necessary for normal functioning as regulatory mediators in signalling processes (Droge 2002;Boardman et al 2012), oxidative stress contributes to senescence and ultimately death (Fenn, Henning & Philpott 1967;Fridovich 1998;Lane 2002). Consequently, oxygen delivery and utilization have to be tightly regulated to balance the generation of energy and the production of toxic oxidants.…”

Section: Advantages Of Large Body Size In Cold Water Versus An Oxygenmentioning

confidence: 99%

Why polar gigantism and Palaeozoic gigantism are not equivalent: effects of oxygen and temperature on the body size of ectotherms

2013

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Summary 1.Organisms of gigantic proportions inhabited the world at a time of a hyperoxic prehistoric atmosphere (Palaeozoic gigantism). Extant giants are found in cold polar waters, with large quantities of dissolved oxygen (polar gigantism). Oxygen is usually deemed central to explain such gigantism. Examples of one category of gigantism are often cited in support of the other, but novel insights into the bioavailability of oxygen imply that they cannot be taken as equivalent manifestations of the effect of oxygen on body size. 2. Recently, the availability of oxygen has been shown to be lower in cold waters, despite greater oxygen solubility. Consequently, gigantism in cold, oxygenated waters and gigantism in an oxygen-pressurized world are fundamentally different: Palaeozoic gigantism likely arose because of greater oxygen availability, while polar gigantism arises in spite of lower oxygen availability. 3. The traditional view of respiration focuses on meeting the challenge of extracting sufficient amounts of oxygen, which essentially is a toxic gas. We present a broader perspective, which specifically includes risks of oxygen poisoning. We discuss how challenges pertaining to balancing oxygen uptake capacity and risks of oxygen poisoning are very different for animals breathing either air or water. 4. We propose a novel explanation for polar gigantism in aquatic ectotherms, arguing that their larger body size represents a respiratory advantage that helps to overcome the larger viscous forces in water. Being large helps organisms to balance the opposing risks of asphyxiation and poisoning, especially in colder, more viscous, water. This results in a selection for larger sizes, with polar gigantism as the extreme manifestation. Hence, a larger size provides respiratory benefits to water-breathing ectotherms, but not terrestrial ectotherms. This can explain why clines in body size across temperature and latitude are stronger in aquatic ectotherms.

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“…Insects have long been used to study respiration physiology and the response of organisms to varied O 2 tensions (Chadwick and Gilmour, 1940;Ellenby, 1953;Fenn et al, 1967;Harrison et al, 2006;Hetz and Bradley, 2005;Hoback and Stanley, 2001;Jarecki et al, 1999;Lighton and Schilman, 2007). A major advantage in the use of insects to study physiological responses to varying O 2 levels is that the tissues in insects are typically directly exposed to the ambient O 2 tensions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metabolic function inDrosophila melanogasterin response to hypoxia and pure oxygen

Voorhies

2009

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SUMMARYThis study examined the metabolic response of Drosophila melanogaster exposed to O 2 concentrations ranging from 0 to 21% and at 100%. The metabolic rate of flies exposed to graded hypoxia remained nearly constant as O 2 tensions were reduced from normoxia to ~3 kPa. There was a rapid, approximately linear reduction in fly metabolic rate at P O2 s between 3 and 0.5 kPa. The reduction in metabolic rate was especially pronounced at P O2 levels <0.5 kPa, and at a P O2 of 0.1 kPa fly metabolic rate was reduced ~10-fold relative to normoxic levels. The metabolic rate of flies exposed to anoxia and then returned to normoxia recovered to pre-anoxic levels within 30 min with no apparent payment of a hypoxia-induced oxygen debt. Flies tolerated exposure to hypoxia and/or anoxia for 40 min with nearly 100% survival. Fly mortality increased rapidly after 2 h of anoxia and >16 h exposure was uniformly lethal. Flies exposed to pure O 2 for 24 h showed no apparent alteration of metabolic rate, even though such O 2 tensions should damage respiratory enzymes critical to mitochondria function. Within a few hours the metabolic rate of flies recovering from exposure to repeated short bouts of anoxia was the same as flies exposed to a single anoxia exposure.

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Oxygen Poisoning in Drosophila

Cited by 20 publications

References 6 publications

Urate-null rosy mutants of Drosophila melanogaster are hypersensitive to oxygen stress.

Urate-null rosy mutants of Drosophila melanogaster are hypersensitive to oxygen stress.

Why polar gigantism and Palaeozoic gigantism are not equivalent: effects of oxygen and temperature on the body size of ectotherms

Metabolic function inDrosophila melanogasterin response to hypoxia and pure oxygen

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