Oxygen pressure in the Outokumpu flash smelting furnace—Part 2: the DON process

Taskinen, Pekka; Seppälä, K.; Laulumaa, J.; Poijärvi, J.

doi:10.1179/mpm.2001.110.2.101

Cited by 18 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…The available data on As distribution between the matte and the slag from several commercial bath smelting [38,41,42] and flash smelting [43] processes are presented in Figure 6 as a function of matte grade. The scatter in each set of plant data includes some variations in the process variables that affect As partitioning and possible errors or uncertainties in the determination of low levels of As in the matte or the slag.…”

Section: A Comparison Of Plant Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

“…According to Figure 6, the distribution of As between the slag and the matte in the smelting stage of the Mitsubishi process is slightly lower than that in the Noranda, Outokumpo, and Isasmelt processes. [38,[41][42][43] One key reason for this difference is the slag chemistry. The data on the Mitsubishi smelting process show that the slag is close to silica saturation, whereas the slags of the Noranda, Outokumpo, and Isasmelt processes contain about 25 wt pct SiO 2 .…”

Section: A Comparison Of Plant Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

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Thermodynamic Modeling of Arsenic in Copper Smelting Processes

Chen

Zhang

Jahanshahi

2010

Metall Mater Trans B

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Published data on the activity coefficients of arsenic in liquid copper, matte and, slag have been reviewed, assessed, and used in the development of thermodynamic databases for solution models of melts. The databases were validated against the literature data on the equilibrium distribution of arsenic between the matte and the slag. The models and databases were used in investigating the effects of matte grade, slag chemistry, SO 2 partial pressure, arsenic loading, and temperature on the equilibrium distribution of arsenic between the melts and gas phase during copper smelting and converting. The results obtained show that the continuous smelting processes operates close to equilibrium between condensed phases with most arsenic reporting to the gas phase. A comparison of the batch and continuous converting processes showed a considerable difference with respect to the elimination of the arsenic from condensed phases. These results indicate batch processes to be more efficient in the removal of arsenic through the gas stream.

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Section: A Comparison Of Plant Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Comparison Of Plant Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermodynamic Modeling of Arsenic in Copper Smelting Processes

Chen

Zhang

Jahanshahi

2010

Metall Mater Trans B

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“…These values were estimated according to the slag compositions. [1] In electric furnaces, complex slag flow and heat transfer are formed due to the interaction between the electromagnetic and buoyancy forces. In such a system, the slag flow and heat transfer are governed by conservation equations of mass, momentum, and energy, while both momentum and energy equations should be coupled with a set of Maxwell's field equations and Ohm's law.…”

Section: Problem Description and Mathematical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In such a system, the slag flow and heat transfer are governed by conservation equations of mass, momentum, and energy, while both momentum and energy equations should be coupled with a set of Maxwell's field equations and Ohm's law. For the sake of brevity, the transport equations can be written in coordinate free tensor notation: [1] [2] [3] Here, B denotes the magnetic flux density, C p the specific heat, E the electric field density, g the gravitational acceleration, h the enthalpy, J the current density, k the thermal conductivity, p the pressure, T the temperature, V the velocity, the slag density, eff ϭ ϩ t , the dynamic viscosity, t the turbulent viscosity, the electrical conductivity of the slag, h the turbulent Prandtl number, and ␤ the thermal expansion coefficient. The Ohm's law applies: [4] The electric field can be written as the gradient of an electric potential: The electric potential satisfies [6] Because the Rayleigh number is estimated to be about 2.7 ϫ 10 11 for the furnace considered, the slag flow is turbulent.…”

Section: Problem Description and Mathematical Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[1] The slag from the primary smelting is cleaned in an electric furnace, in which the nickel remaining in the primary slag is recovered and the environmentally friendly slag is produced. In such an electric furnace, the slag flow and heat transfer are very complicated due to the interaction between the electromagnetic field and the buoyancy forces.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Nickel droplet settling behavior in an electric furnace

Xia¹,

Kankaanpää²,

Ahokainen

2004

Metall Mater Trans B

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Three-dimensional magneto-hydrodynamic flow is numerically modeled in an industrial-scale electric furnace and the trajectories of nickel droplets are simulated. Calculations are carried out for varied droplet sizes and locations. The droplet settling ratio is introduced to describe the settling performance. Characteristic curve of the settling ratio with the droplet size is obtained. The droplet settling behavior is demonstrated by both the droplet volume fraction distribution and the droplet trajectories. Numerical predictions show that most of the droplets will settle into the matte in the central bottom region of the furnace. The fine droplets with a diameter less than 50 m are unable to fall into the matte. The settling ratio increases with increasing the droplet size. The coagulation of droplets to form relatively large droplets may play an important role in the process of nickel matte droplet settling. The average residence time of droplets generally decreases with an increase in droplet size. The residence time for some droplets can be very long (over 5000 seconds). The turbulent droplet dispersion has a significant effect on the trajectories of the droplet and should be taken into account in simulation.

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Fundamental Process Equilibria of Base and Trace Elements in the DON Smelting of Various Nickel Concentrates

Taskinen

Avarmaa

Johto

et al. 2018

The Minerals, Metals &Amp; Materials Series

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The converter-less nickel matte smelting technology (DON) adopted more than 20 years ago in Boliden Harjavalta smelter has been since that applied successfully to the processing of large number of nickel sulphide concentrates of various Ni-to-Cu ratios and MgO contents. The operational point of the technology is far from the conventional primary nickel smelting in the smelting-converting route. Therefore, a careful scouting of distribution equilibria of the base and trace elements in the smelting conditions of DON process has been conducted, in order to obtain quantitative information about the equilibria and thermodynamic properties of the nickel mattes at low iron concentrations, less than 10 wt-% [Fe] in matte. The series of investigations has included novel experimental and analytical techniques for increasing the reliability and sensitivity of the phase equilibria as well as the element distribution observations carried out in typical high-grade nickel matte smelting conditions.

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Oxygen pressure in the Outokumpu flash smelting furnace—Part 2: the DON process

Cited by 18 publications

References 4 publications

Thermodynamic Modeling of Arsenic in Copper Smelting Processes

Thermodynamic Modeling of Arsenic in Copper Smelting Processes

Nickel droplet settling behavior in an electric furnace

Fundamental Process Equilibria of Base and Trace Elements in the DON Smelting of Various Nickel Concentrates

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