Oxygen Sensing for Industrial Safety — Evolution and New Approaches

Abstract

Abstract:The requirement for the detection of oxygen in industrial safety applications has historically been met by electrochemical technologies based on the consumption of metal anodes. Products using this approach have been technically and commercially successful for more than three decades. However, a combination of new requirements is driving the development of alternative approaches offering fresh opportunities and challenges. This paper reviews some key aspects in the evolution of consumable anode products and highlights recent developments in alternative technologies aimed at meeting current and anticipated future needs in this important application.

A Deep Learning Model for Measuring Oxygen Content of Boiler Flue Gas

“…Step 4: Update the weight vector and bias of the network between the visible layer and the hidden layer. The formula for updation can be inferred from (6)- (8).…”

“…Many approaches have been suggested to measure the oxygen content of flue gas. They can be mainly grouped into two categories: direct measurement methods [8] and soft measurement methods. The direct methods measure the oxygen content of flue gas by utilizing oxygen sensors, such as thermomagnetic oxygen sensors and ZrO 2 oxygen sensors.…”

Oxygen gas sensing technologies: A comprehensive review

“…AMPEROMETRIC OXYGEN SENSING TECHNOLOGY WITH LIQUID ELECTROLYTE (CLARK CELL) The electrochemical O 2 -sensors with liquid electrolyte date back to the 50 th and were used for the environmental oxygen monitoring providing warning of abnormal conditions in industrial safety environments, i.e., mines, oil production facilities and chemical plants. Oxygen measuring instruments containing electrochemical sensors based on consumable lead anodes have been available for over 30 years [32]. These type electrochemical oxygen sensors are metal-air battery type with the diffusion limited barrier [33] and oxygen sensor generates a current proportional to oxygen diffusion to the cathode limited by the diffusion film or capillary barrier (Figure 9).…”

“…Although lead was recognized as offering an attractive combination of suitable properties some metals like cadmium, bismuth, antimony and copper were identified as potential lead free candidates but only copper was available in a high surface area wire form and with a number of alternative approaches offering longer lifetime for lead-free oxygen sensors a little market penetration was achieved so far. More details on electrochemical oxygen gas sensing technology with liquid electrolyte progress can be found in the recent review [32]. These electrochemical cells mostly supplied by City Technology Ltd (UK) and Drägerwerk AG (Germany) and used primary for the industrial safety or oxygen monitoring at room temperature in portable analyzers and continuous emissions monitoring systems (CEMS) with gas conditioning.…”

A Modular Approach of Different Geometries for Non-invasive Oxygen Measurement inside Moving Food Packages

“…Measuring the O 2 content of the packs after their closure is important as a quality control of the packaging chain . This measure can be performed either randomly on a few selected samples or, more difficultly but more effectively, in line on the full production.…”