Oxygen supply of certain animals living in water containing no dissolved oxygen

Cole, Arch E.

doi:10.1002/jez.1400330108

Cited by 18 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…Finally, Cole (1921) claimed that decomposing plant tissues give off small amounts of atomic oxygen even under anaerobiosis and that many invertebrates are able to use this. If this is true, then quite significant amounts of oxygen could be produced in the substrate from the large quantities of plant detritus trapped there.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The occurrence of benthos deep in the substratum of a stream

1974

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1I) The vertical distribution of the benthic fauna of the Speed River, Ontario, was studied over a 13-month period from October 1970 to October 1971. Various physical and chemical parameters of this interstitial environment were also measured.(2) Several new techniques for sampling the interstitial environment of rivers wert devised. These methods and their relative efficiencies are considered.(3) The validity of the terms 'hyporheal' and 'hyporheic' are discussed and the term *hyporheos' is offered to replace the former.(4) A brief resume of interstitial sampling methods is given with comments on their limitations for sampling deep heterogeneous substrates.(5) Chemical parameters are thought to be more important in the control and distribution ofthe fauna than physical parameters.(6) It is suggested that many larvae of stream-dwelling chironomids have overwintering stages when they penetrate deep into the substrate to: (a) actively feed on the trapped organic detritus; (b) follow an optimum temperature for development.(7) It is suggested that the shape of an organism determines its success as a hyporheic form and examples are given.(8) The numbers of animals oecurring in the sub-benthic populations are shown to be very large indeed. For the Speed River, estimates of between 184,760 and 797,960 animals/m^ are made for different times of the year. Dry weight biomass is estimated to vary between 30 9 g and 253-2 g/m^ throughout the year.(9) Sub-benthic or hyporheic populations are shown to exist in at least three other Canadian rivers. Some ofthe animals found are shown to be common to two or more of these rivers.(10) The inefficiencies of many conventional benthic samplers in sampling the total biomass of certain streams with hyporheic populations is discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The occurrence of benthos deep in the substratum of a stream

1974

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“…Portier (1911) suggested that in the larva of Hydrocampa there was a symbiotic relation between the insect and the green leaves composing its case, but Ege (1926) considers this idea untenable and shows that the larva aerates its case chiefly by fetching air from the atmosphere. Cole (1921) found Chironomus larvae at the bottom of lakes, in an environment where no oxygen could be detected. He discusses at length the question of their oxygen supply and suggests that perhaps the decomposition of plant tissues may provide a source of oxygen in atomic form.…”

Section: Aquatic Plants As a Source Of Oxygenmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Respiration of Insects

Wigglesworth¹

1931

Biological Reviews

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Summary The review covers the ground of external and internal respiration in insects, but deals neither with quantitative changes in metabolism, nor with the intimate processes of oxidation in the tissues. The general anatomy and histology of the tracheal system are described. The form of the tracheae and their mode of ending in the tissues is extremely varied in different insects and in different organs. The question whether the tracheal endings contain fluid or air and the problem of what forces keep the larger branches filled with gas are discussed in detail. The embryological development of the tracheal system and the nature of the “spiral thread” are briefly considered. The exchange of gases in the tracheal system is effected primarily by diffusion. This is modified by opening and closure of the spiracles (“ diffusion control ”) and by mechanical ventilation of the larger tracheal branches (“ventilation control ”). The mechanism of tracheal ventilation is discussed at length: including the part played by the air sacs and the question whether there is a directed stream of air through the tracheal system. The respiratory movements are controlled by nerve centres, variously situated in different insects; and these centres may be stimulated either by oxygen want or by carbon dioxide excess. The relative importance of the spiracles and the skin in respiration, especially in the elimination of carbon dioxide, is discussed. Under the respiration of aquatic insects the functions of the “blood gills,”“tracheal gills ” and “ cuticular gills ” are reviewed, and the problems connected with the “ hydrofuge ” structures of aquatic insects and the air stores which they carry are considered. The respiration of parasitic insects presents many parallels with that of aquatic forms. The part played by the blood of insects as a carrier of oxygen is discussed in detail.

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“…How the many animals which live and remain active in bottom muds for long periods without oxygen carry on metabolism is still somewhat of a mystery. Cole (1921) believes that decomposing plant remains may liberate an oxidizing substance which can supply oxygen to bottom animals. Perhaps certain profundal bottom animals are not only able to live without oxygen but are also capable of subsisting on dissolved or colloidal organic food (Hinman 1930).…”

Section: Ecology Of Lake Fishes By a S Pearse Duke Universitymentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%