Oxytocin: An expansive review of its mechanisms, functions, and therapeutic potential

Abstract

Oxytocin, a neuropeptide crucial for social bonding and reproduction, has captivated scientific interest due to its diverse mechanisms, physiological effects, and therapeutic promise. This review provides a comprehensive overview, covering oxytocin's molecular actions, physiological functions, and therapeutic applications. At the molecular level, oxytocin activates specific receptors, influencing neuronal activity and neurotransmitter release, impacting social behavior like trust and empathy. Beyond its role in childbirth and lactation, it affects cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, and immune systems, and may have implications in stress regulation, pain modulation, and addiction pathways, broadening its therapeutic potential. Oxytocin's multifaceted effects have positioned it as a promising treatment for psychiatric, neurodevelopmental, and neurodegenerative disorders. Studies have shown promise in conditions like autism spectrum disorders, social anxiety, postpartum depression, and schizophrenia, while also improving social cognition and reducing addictive behaviors. Despite accumulating evidence, challenges remain in harnessing oxytocin's full clinical benefits, including individual response variations, optimal dosing, and potential side effects. Further research is needed to refine its application in different contexts. In conclusion, oxytocin's diverse mechanisms and functions make it a captivating molecule. Research and well-designed studies hold the promise of unlocking its full therapeutic potential, benefiting individuals across various disorders and promoting healthier social interactions.