Ozonated Oils as Antimicrobial Systems in Topical Applications. Their Characterization, Current Applications, and Advances in Improved Delivery Techniques

Abstract

The search for a wide spectrum of antimicrobial agents that can avoid resistance while maintaining reasonable side effects has led to ozonated oils experiencing an increase in scientific interest and clinical applications. The treatment of vegetable oils with ozone leads to the creation of a reservoir of ozone that slowly releases into the skin thanks to the fact that ozone can be held as ozonides of unsaturated fatty acids. Interest in the use of ozonated oils has meant that several ozonated-vegetable-oil-containing products have been commercialized as cosmetic and pharmaceutical agents, and in innovative textile products with antibacterial activity. New approaches to the delivery of ozonated oils have very recently appeared in an attempt to improve their characteristics and reduce drawbacks, such as an unpleasant odor, high viscosity and undesired effects on skin, including irritation and rashes. The present review focuses on the current status of delivery agents that use ozonated oils as antimicrobial agents in topical (dermal, skin, and soft tissues) treatments. Challenges and future opportunities for these delivery systems will also be discussed.

<p>Anterior Acute Uveitis Report in a SARS-CoV-2 Patient Managed with Adjunctive Topical Antiseptic Prophylaxis Preventing 2019-nCoV Spread Through the Ocular Surface Route</p>

“…16 An adjunctive eye-lubricant with potential biocidal activity was included in the therapeutic regimen based on ozone in the form of ozonized oils (O3-Oil), obtained from the chemical reaction between ozone and unsaturated fatty acids of vegetable oils. [19][20][21] It is well documented in scientific literature that ozone-oxygen mixtures inactivate microorganisms, including bacteria, fungi and viruses. 22 Ozone-mediated virus inactivation occurs primarily in two ways: by lipid peroxidation and by protein peroxidation.…”

“…Moreover, in order to expand the biocidal spectrum to viruses we decided to include in the treatment protocol some antiseptics, approved and available in the market for ophthalmic use, such as 0.02% sodium hypochlorite (HOCl) preserved solution (Septavis®, Medivis, Catania, Italy) nebulized on the periocular skin 2 times daily reducing the eyelid rhyme viral load, 15,16 0.6% PVP-I eyedrops (Iodim®, Medivis, Catania, Italy) administered 2 times daily 17,18 and antiseptic lubricants based on 10.50% ozonized oil eye-drops with liposomes (Ozodrop®, FB Vision, Ascoli Piceno, Italy) administered 3 times daily. [19][20][21][22] The clinical symptoms regressed completely in 4 weeks and at the one-month follow-up visit, as clearly documented in Figure 2, the pigmentary deposits and diffuse whitish inflammatory opacities of the anterior The laboratory data, as reported in Table 3, excluded HLA B27 positivity, Lupus Anti-Coagulant (LAC), TORCH (toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, herpes simplex, Epstein Barr and HIV complex antibodies), Anti-Nuclear-Antigen (ANA) and Extractable-Nuclear-Antigens (ENA) associated uveitis. On the contrary, there were some of the common laboratory findings of COVID-19 such as early leukopenia.…”

“…Since emerging from China in December 2019, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID- 19) has become a global pandemic. This disease is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome, coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2).…”

“…9 Unfortunately, as no specific therapies are available for SARS-CoV-2 and there is not yet a vaccine or effective antiviral drug, recognizing the common characteristics between SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV-1, 13 we introduced the adjunctive use of a precautionary multi-acting eye topical treatment named SHYPIO (Sodium Hypochlorite Povidone-Iodine Ozonized oil) in our clinical practice protocol, to prevent the spread of the virus through the ocular route of transmission, whose active principles and dosage are reported in Table 1. The eye prophylaxis included a 0.02% sodium hypochlorite solution for the periocular skin and eyelid rhyme, in consideration of its antiviral activity against SARS-CoV-2, 15 and available in ophthalmology for the therapy of blepharitis, 16 0.6% Povidone-Iodine (PVP-I) eye-drops 17 for patients with acute follicular conjunctivitis based on its recognized efficacy (equivalent to 70% ethanol) inactivating SARS-CoV-1, 18 according to the common structural characteristics of SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, 13 and 10.50% Ozonized oil eye-drops 19,20 with lubricant and ozone-mediated biocidal activity. 21,22 Antiseptics were also used in the pandemic for contact lenses wearers affected by high myopia, cases with severe keratoconus, poor visual acuity not suitable with sufficient spectacles correction, healthcare professionals and eye-care practitioners that could also be guaranteed a higher level of protection from the risk of infection through the reduction of the ocular surface viral load.…”

The Influence of Ozonated Olive Oil-Loaded and Copper-Doped Nanohydroxyapatites on Planktonic Forms of Microorganisms

“…Ozone is kept in the form of stable chemical compounds—ozonides. The ozonides show antibacterial, antifungal, and antiviral activity [ 24 ]. The antimicrobial activity of ozonated olive oil is related to the Criegee Mechanism i.e., a slow release of peroxides [ 25 ].…”