Ozonation/Post-Chlorination of Humic Acid: A Model for Predicting Drinking Water Disinfection By-Products

Coleman, W. Emile; Munch, Jean W.; Ringhand, H. P.; Kaylor, William H.; Mitchell, Donald E.

doi:10.1080/01919519208552317

Cited by 35 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Different water disinfection methods, such as chlorination, chloramination, ozonation, or chlorine dioxide, produce different types and amounts of disinfection by-products [Glaze, 1987;IARC, 1991;Langlais et al, 1991;Matsuda et al, 1991;Coleman et al, 1992;Kanniganti et al, 1992;Cozzie et al, 1993;Richardson et al, 19941 that likely account for the different mutagenic potencies exhibited by organic extracts of such waters similar to that seen in the present study and elsewhere [IARC, 1991;Patterson et al, 19951. In the present study, ozonation alone did not enhance the mutagenic potency of raw water; ozonation prior to chlorination or chloramination reduced the mutagenic potency compared with chlorination or chloramination alone; and either chlorination or chloramination greatly increased the mutagenic potency of the water extracts compared with those from raw or ozonated water.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Mutation spectra in salmonella of chlorinated, chloraminated, or ozonated drinking water extracts: Comparison to MX

DeMarini

Abu‐Shakra

Felton

et al. 1995

Environ and Mol Mutagen

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Drinking water samples were prepared in a pilot-scale treatment plant by chlorination (Cl2), chloramination (NH2Cl), ozonation (O3), or O3 followed by Cl2 or NH2Cl; and the nonvolatile acidic organics of the raw and treated waters were extracted by XAD/ethyl acetate and evaluated for mutagenicity in Salmonella (-S9). The extracts were 2-8 times more mutagenic in TA100 than in TA98, and the mutagenic potencies of the water extracts ranked similarly in both strains: Cl2 > O3 + Cl2 > NH2Cl > O3 + NH2Cl > O3 > raw. 3-Chloro-4-(dichloromethyl)-5-hydroxy-2(5H)-furanone (MX), which was estimated to account for approximately 20% of the mutagenic activity of the extracts, was shown to be the most potent compound tested thus far in a prophage-induction assay in Escherichia coli and a forward-mutation assay in Salmonella TM677. The mutations in approximately 2,000 revertants of TA98 and TA100 induced by MX and the water extracts were analyzed by colony probe hybridization and polymerase chain reaction/DNA sequence analysis. The water extracts and MX produced similar mutation spectra, which consisted in TA100 of predominantly of GC-->TA transversions in the second position of the CCC (or GGG) target of the hisG46 allele. This spectrum resembles that produced by large aromatic compounds and is distinct from that produced by alkylating agents and the semivolatile drinking water mutagen dichloroacetic acid. In TA98, MX and those water extracts resulting from the introduction of the chlorine atom produced 50-70% hotspot 2-base deletions and 30-50% complex frameshifts (frameshifts with an adjacent base substitution--mostly GC-->TA transversions as found in TA100). No other compound or mixture is known to induce such high frequencies of complex frameshifts. These results suggest that MX and "MX-like" compounds (possibly halogenated aromatics, such as halogenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) account for much of the mutagenic activity and specificity of the nonvolatile organics in drinking water and that these halogenated organics are especially capable of promoting misincorporation by the DNA replication complex. This study provides further evidence that the mutation spectrum of a complex mixture reflects the dominance of one or a few classes of chemical mutagens within the mixture.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 70%

Mutation spectra in salmonella of chlorinated, chloraminated, or ozonated drinking water extracts: Comparison to MX

DeMarini

Abu‐Shakra

Felton

et al. 1995

Environ and Mol Mutagen

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“…Therefore, ozone must be used in conjunction with a persistent secondary disinfectant, such as chlorine or monochloramine. DBPs produced by ozonation alone are primarily oxygen-containing compounds, such as aldehydes (Glaze et al, 1989;Coleman et al, 1992) and acids (Xie and Reckhow, 1992 ). No halogenated DBPs have been identified at significant concentrations, except for chlorite, from water disinfected with chlorine dioxide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of solid phase microextraction for the analysis of hydrophilic compounds

Shoemaker

Munch

Behymer

1999

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Two commercially available solid phase microextraction (SPME) fibers, polyacrylate and carboxen/polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), were evaluated for their ability to extract hydrophilic compounds from drinking water. Conditions, such as desorption time, desorption temperature, sample temperature, sample stirring, methanol concentration in the sample, and ionic strength of the sample, were optimized for 12 hydrophilic compounds (e.g., amines and alcohols) with both fibers. Accuracy, precision, and method detection limits (MDLs) were determined for the target analytes with both fibers. In general, both fibers exhibited excellent accuracy and precision in the range of 91±110% and 1.0±13%, respectively. The carboxen/PDMS fiber extracted these hydrophilic compounds from water with 10 to 100 times lower MDLs (0.10 to 15 g/l) than the polyacrylate fiber (1.5 to 80 g/l). The MDLs of the carboxen/PDMS fiber demonstrate that SPME is a feasible approach for extracting hydrophilic compounds from drinking water.

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“…The smaller molecules of fulvic acids are the most suitable substrate for bacteria because they contain a broad variety of degradable functional groups. Both ozonation and chlorination of fulvic acids lead to the change of molecular dimensions to smaller values and the appearance of more polar compounds, which may be a reason of better biodegradability [163][164][165].…”

Section: State-of-the-art Approaches To Justify the Technology Of Conmentioning

confidence: 99%

Drinking Water: Factors Affecting the Quality of Drinking Water

Гончарук

2014

Drinking Water

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The relative critical overview of indicators, which set norms to the drinking water and are used as background for regulatory instruments of the USA, the EU, the WHO, Ukraine and Russia, has been revealed. The analytical review of current problems in drinking water preparation technology at centralized drinking water treatment plants has been delivered. The role of natural organic compounds of natural origin in drinking water quality has been revealed. The application of different technological measures to prepare high quality drinking water has been analysed and explained. The influence of condition of water distribution system on the drinking water quality has been evaluated. It has been cited the examples of modern technological systems of drinking water treatment. A new concept of supply the population with a quality drinking water has been introduced. It is based on representation the need to consume adequate water by a person, which is genetically safe, comprises no man induced alloys, and is characterized by occurrence of such natural substances and microelements that are easiest to digest for a body from water. KeywordsThe quality of drinking water · International regulatory instruments · Centralized drinking water treatment plants · Modern water treatment technologies · Man induced alloys, natural microelements · A new concept of supply the population with a quality drinking water Ecological and Hygienic Classification of Centralized Drinking Water Supply SourcesIn the Ukraine, the goal of creating and adhering to adequate quality and safety standards for drinking water is guaranteed by law. Legal documents such as the Water Code of Ukraine [1] and the Law of Ukraine "On drinking water and drinking water supply" [2] were written to uphold this goal. Codex found in these documents details a range of specific tasks centered around ecological, sanitary, and hygienic contents namely:• A complex development of interrelated regulatory documents (standards and norms) for ensuring an ecological and sanitary-hygienic safety practice in the field of use and protection of water and water resources;

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Ozonation/Post-Chlorination of Humic Acid: A Model for Predicting Drinking Water Disinfection By-Products

Cited by 35 publications

References 15 publications

Mutation spectra in salmonella of chlorinated, chloraminated, or ozonated drinking water extracts: Comparison to MX

Mutation spectra in salmonella of chlorinated, chloraminated, or ozonated drinking water extracts: Comparison to MX

Evaluation of solid phase microextraction for the analysis of hydrophilic compounds

Drinking Water: Factors Affecting the Quality of Drinking Water

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