Ozone and Limonene in Indoor Air: A Source of Submicron Particle Exposure

Wainman, Thomas; Zhang, Junfeng; Weschler, Charles J.; Lioy, Paul J.

doi:10.2307/3434825

Cited by 72 publications

(101 citation statements)

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“…These free radical processes are driven by ozone, not photochemistry. Ozone/alkene reactions also generate semi-volatile products that can contribute to the growth of submicron particles (Weschler and Shields, 1999;Wainman, 1999;Wainman et al, 2000) and sorb on indoor surfaces (Weschler et al, 1992c;Morrison et al, 1999;Morrison, 1999). Some of the resulting products, especially oxidized products that still contain unsaturated bonds, have very low odor thresholds -less than 10 ppt (see results of Morrison et al, 1999).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ozone in Indoor Environments: Concentration and Chemistry

Weschler¹

2000

Indoor Air

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644

541

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The concentration of indoor ozone depends on a number of factors, including the outdoor ozone concentration, air exchange rates, indoor emission rates, surface removal rates, and reactions between ozone and other chemicals in the air. Outdoor ozone concentrations often display strong diurnal variations, and this adds a dynamic excitation to the transport and chemical mechanisms at play. Hence, indoor ozone concentrations can vary significantly from hour-to-hour, day-to-day, and season-to-season, as well as from room-to-room and structure-to-structure. Under normal conditions, the half-life of ozone indoors is between 7 and 10 min and is determined primarily by surface removal and air exchange. Although reactions between ozone and most other indoor pollutants are thermodynamically favorable, in the majority of cases they are quite slow. Rate constants for reactions of ozone with the more commonly identified indoor pollutants are summarized in this article. They show that only a small fraction of the reactions occur at a rate fast enough to compete with air exchange, assuming typical indoor ozone concentrations. In the case of organic compounds, the ''fast'' reactions involve compounds with unsaturated carboncarbon bonds. Although such compounds typically comprise less than 10% of indoor pollutants, their reactions with ozone have the potential to be quite significant as sources of indoor free radicals and multifunctional (ªCΩO, ªCOOH, ªOH) stable compounds that are often quite odorous. The stable compounds are present as both gas phase and condensed phase species, with the latter contributing to the overall concentration of indoor submicron particles. Indeed, ozone/alkene reactions provide a link between outdoor ozone, outdoor particles and indoor particles. Indoor ozone and the products derived from reactions initiated by indoor ozone are potentially damaging to both human health and materials; more detailed explication of these impacts is an area of active investigation.Key words Ozone; I/O ratio; Indoor chemistry; Aldehydes; Particulates; Free radicals. Practical ImplicationsIndoor ozone contributes to total ozone exposures, and reactions driven by indoor ozone produce submicron particles that contribute to total particulate exposures. Indoor ozone concentrations are highly variable, but can be reasonably esti- Ozone reacts too slowly with most airborne pollutants for the process to be of practical significance. Ozone does react at a faster rate with a small subset of indoor pollutants, but the oxidation products are themselves potentially irritating to humans and damaging to materials.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ozone in Indoor Environments: Concentration and Chemistry

Weschler¹

2000

Indoor Air

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644

541

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“…There are a number of unsaturated terpenes found in cleaning products, such as a-pinine, used for its pine scent, and d-limonene, used for its lemon scent, as well as other terpene-related compounds, such as a-terpineol, linalool, and linalyl acetate. These compounds react with ozone to form OH radicals, which in turn form aldehydes and ketones (Weschler and Shields, 1997;Singer et al, 2006), hydrogen peroxide (Li et al, 2002), and secondary particulate matter (Weschler and Shields, 1999;Wainman et al, 2000;Singer et al, 2006), all of which are known to have adverse health effects. Many of these terpenes are also found in air freshener products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Passive sampling methods to determine household and personal care product use

Bennett

Teague

et al. 2011

J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol

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Traditionally, use of household and personal care products has been collected through questionnaires, which is very time consuming, a burden on participants, and prone to recall bias. As part of the SUPERB Project (Study of Use of Products and Exposure-Related Behaviors), a novel platform was developed using bar codes to quickly and reliably determine what household and personal care products people have in their homes and determine the amount used over a 1-week period. We evaluated the acceptability and feasibility of our methodology in a longitudinal field study that included 47 California households, 30 with young children and 17 with an older adult. Acceptability was defined by refusal rates; feasibility was evaluated in terms of readable bar codes, useful product information in our database for all readable barcodes, and ability to find containers at both the start and end of the week. We found 63% of personal care products and 87% of the household care products had readable barcodes with 47% and 41% having sufficient data for product identification, respectively and secondly, the amount used could be determined most of the time. We present distributions for amount used by product category and compare inter-and intra-person variability. In summary, our method appears to be appropriate, acceptable, and useful for gathering information related to potential exposures stemming from the use of personal and household care products. A very low drop-out rate suggests that this methodology can be useful in longitudinal studies of exposure to household and personal care products.

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“…When D-limonene, a common fragrance material, was added to the air in an office environment, there was a 10ð increase in sub-µm particles than measured in a comparable office without the added limonene. 62 There have been very few studies done specifically on the role of fragranced products in air pollution. A Norwegian study found synthetic musk compounds in outdoor air, not only in urban areas but also in remote areas.…”

Section: Impact On Airmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fragrance: emerging health and environmental concerns

Bridges¹

2002

Flavour & Fragrance J

113

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Products containing scent are a part of daily life. The majority of cosmetics, toiletries, household and laundry products contain fragrance. In addition, there is exposure to fragrance from products that are used to scent the air, such as air fresheners and fragranced candles. In spite of this widespread use and exposure, there is little information available on the materials used in fragrance. Fragrance formulas are considered trade secrets and components that make up the fragrance portion of the product are not revealed on labels. Fragrance is increasingly cited as a trigger in health conditions such as asthma, allergies and migraine headaches. In addition, some fragrance materials have been found to accumulate in adipose tissue and are present in breast milk. Other materials are suspected of being hormone disruptors. The implications are not fully known, as there has been little evaluation of systemic effects. There are environmental concerns as well, as fragrances are volatile compounds, which add to both indoor and outdoor air pollution. Synthetic musk compounds are persistent in the environment and contaminate waterways and aquatic wildlife. At present there is little governmental regulation of fragrance. The fragrance industry has in place a system of self-regulation. However, the present system has failed to address many of the emerging concerns. Industry needs to responsibly address concerns and ensure that scented products are safe for users, those inadvertently exposed and the environment. It is essential that an industry that is, and wishes to continue to be, self-regulated should identify and address concerns in a forthright and responsible manner.

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Ozone and Limonene in Indoor Air: A Source of Submicron Particle Exposure

Cited by 72 publications

References 0 publications

Ozone in Indoor Environments: Concentration and Chemistry

Ozone in Indoor Environments: Concentration and Chemistry

Passive sampling methods to determine household and personal care product use

Fragrance: emerging health and environmental concerns

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