Ozone and meteorological boundary-layer conditions at Summit, Greenland, during 3–21 June 2000

Helmig, Detlev; Boulter, James E.; David, Donald E.; Birks, John W.; Cullen, Nicolas J.; Steffen, Konrad; Johnson, B. J.; Oltmans, S. J.

doi:10.1016/s1352-2310(02)00129-2

Cited by 60 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…The mean springtime afternoon (12:00-14:00 LT, local time) boundary layer height in the model at Summit for the year 2009 was 160 m, which agreed reasonably well with inferred boundary layer heights from vertical balloon soundings (Helmig et al, 2002). Therefore, it is unlikely that model uncertainties in boundary layer height representation in springtime cause the low bias of O 3 mixing ratios between the model and observations.…”

Section: Osupporting

confidence: 70%

Surface ozone and its precursors at Summit, Greenland: comparison between observations and model simulations

Huang¹,

Wu²,

Kramer³

et al. 2017

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. Recent studies have shown significant challenges for atmospheric models to simulate tropospheric ozone (O 3 ) and its precursors in the Arctic. In this study, ground-based data were combined with a global 3-D chemical transport model (GEOS-Chem) to examine the abundance and seasonal variations of O 3 and its precursors at Summit, Greenland (72.34 • N, 38.29 • W; 3212 m a.s.l.). Model simulations for atmospheric nitrogen oxides (NO x ), peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), ethane (C 2 H 6 ), propane (C 3 H 8 ), carbon monoxide (CO), and O 3 for the period July 2008-June 2010 were compared with observations. The model performed well in simulating certain species (such as CO and C 3 H 8 ), but some significant discrepancies were identified for other species and further investigated. The model generally underestimated NO x and PAN (by ∼ 50 and 30 %, respectively) for MarchJune. Likely contributing factors to the low bias include missing NO x and PAN emissions from snowpack chemistry in the model. At the same time, the model overestimated NO x mixing ratios by more than a factor of 2 in wintertime, with episodic NO x mixing ratios up to 15 times higher than the typical NO x levels at Summit. Further investigation showed that these simulated episodic NO x spikes were always associated with transport events from Europe, but the exact cause remained unclear. The model systematically overestimated C 2 H 6 mixing ratios by approximately 20 % relative to observations. This discrepancy can be resolved by decreasing anthropogenic C 2 H 6 emissions over Asia and the US by ∼ 20 %, from 5.4 to 4.4 Tg year −1 . GEOS-Chem was able to reproduce the seasonal variability of O 3 and its spring maximum. However, compared with observations, it underestimated surface O 3 by approximately 13 % (6.5 ppbv) from April to July. This low bias appeared to be driven by several factors including missing snowpack emissions of NO x and nitrous acid in the model, the weak simulated stratosphereto-troposphere exchange flux of O 3 over the summit, and the coarse model resolution.

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Section: Osupporting

confidence: 70%

Surface ozone and its precursors at Summit, Greenland: comparison between observations and model simulations

Huang¹,

Wu²,

Kramer³

et al. 2017

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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“…The late springtime boundary layer at Summit is characterized by highly stable conditions with strong surface temperature inversions. These stable conditions change to neutral or slightly unstable conditions resulting in enhanced mixing depths of ∼70-250 m during an ∼8 h "daytime" period centered around local solar noon (Helmig et al, 2002). Chemical species thought to be emitted from the snowpack, such as NO and often BrO, showed diurnal profiles with minima at solar noon due to a larger mixing volume (Thomas et al, 2011a;Dibb et al, 2010).…”

Section: Results From Selected Periodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Temperature and sunlight controls of mercury oxidation and deposition atop the Greenland ice sheet

Brooks¹,

Moore

Lew³

et al. 2011

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. We conducted the first ever mercury speciation measurements atop the Greenland ice sheet at Summit Station (Latitude 72.6 • N, Longitude 38.5 • W, Altitude 3200 m) in the Spring and Summer of 2007 and 2008. These measurements were part of the collaborative Greenland Summit Halogen-HO x experiment (GSHOX) campaigns investigating the importance of halogen chemistry in this remote environment. Significant levels of BrO (1-5 pptv) in the near surface air were often accompanied by diurnal dips in gaseous elemental mercury (GEM), and in-situ production of reactive gaseous mercury (RGM). While halogen (i.e. Br) chemistry is normally associated with marine boundary layers, at Summit, Greenland, far from any marine source, we have conclusively detected bromine and mercury chemistry in the near surface air. The likely fate of the formed mercurybromine radical (HgBr) is further oxidation to stable RGM (HgBr 2 , HgBrOH, HgBrCl. . . ), or thermal decomposition. These fates appear to be controlled by the availability of Br, OH, Cl, etc. to produce RGM (Hg(II)), versus the lifetime of HgBr by thermal dissociation. At Summit, the production of RGM appears to require a sun elevation angle of >5 degrees, and an air temperature of < −15 • C. Possibly the availability of Br, controlled by photolysis J(Br 2 ), requires a sun angle >5 degrees, while the formation of RGM from HgBr requires a temperature < −15 • C . A portion of the deposited RGM is readily photoreduced and re-emitted to the air as GEM. However, a very small fraction becomes buried at depth. Extrapolating core samples from Summit to the Correspondence to: S. Brooks (steve.brooks@noaa.gov) entire Greenland ice sheet, we calculate an estimated net annual sequestration of ∼13 metric tons Hg per year, buried long-term under the sunlit photoreduction zone.

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“…Following the successful GISP2 and GRIP ice core drilling campaigns of the 1990's, the Greenland Environmental Observatory at Summit, (GEOSummit) now hosts multi-disciplinary environmental science with a history of air chemistry and air-snow interaction studies, (Dibb et al, 2007;Dibb and Jaffrezo, 1997), boundary layer physics (Drue and Heinemann, 2007;Cullen et al, 2007;Hoch et al, 2007;Forrer and Rotach, 1997;Cullen and Steffen, 2001) and more recently, combined studies Helmig et al, 2002).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Boundary layer physics over snow and ice

2008

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Abstract.Observations of the unique chemical environment over snow and ice in recent decades, particularly in the polar regions, have stimulated increasing interest in the boundary layer processes that mediate exchanges between the ice/snow interface and the atmosphere. This paper provides a review of the underlying concepts and examples from recent field studies in polar boundary layer meteorology, which will generally apply to atmospheric flow over snow and ice surfaces. It forms a companion paper to the chemistry review papers in this special issue of ACP that focus on processes linking halogens to the depletion of boundary layer ozone in coastal environments, mercury transport and deposition, snow photochemistry, and related snow physics. In this context, observational approaches, stable boundary layer behavior, the effects of a weak or absent diurnal cycle, and transport and mixing over the heterogeneous surfaces characteristic of coastal ocean environments are of particular relevance.

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Ozone and meteorological boundary-layer conditions at Summit, Greenland, during 3–21 June 2000

Cited by 60 publications

References 46 publications

Surface ozone and its precursors at Summit, Greenland: comparison between observations and model simulations

Surface ozone and its precursors at Summit, Greenland: comparison between observations and model simulations

Temperature and sunlight controls of mercury oxidation and deposition atop the Greenland ice sheet

Boundary layer physics over snow and ice

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