Ozone—climate interactions and effects on solar ultraviolet radiation

Bais, A. F.; Bernhard, Germar; McKenzie, R. L.; Aucamp, Pieter J.; Young, Paul; Ilyas, Mohamad; Jöckel, Patrick; Deushi, Makoto

doi:10.1039/c8pp90059k

Cited by 150 publications

(168 citation statements)

References 252 publications

(305 reference statements)

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“…We calculated daily exposures of UV-B in the upcoming decades based on the latest future-UV radiation models, which are in agreement that UV-B exposure is expected to remain unchanged in the tropics until 2050 due to the drastic reduction in the emission of ozone-depleting substances (ODS) and the associated recovery of the total column ozone (Bais et al, , 2019McKenzie et al, 2011;Watanabe et al, 2011;Meul et al, 2016). The same studies found that by 2100, UV-B exposure will likely have increased by up to 3% as a consequence of continued greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.…”

Section: Projection Of Future Sst and Uv-b Exposurementioning

confidence: 66%

“…Projected SST values were calculated based on an annual warming rate of 0.026 • C, which is the mean of the two warming rates reported for the central Red Sea by Chaidez et al (2017) and Osman et al (2018). Daily UV-B exposure in 2050 are identical to current exposure, while exposure in 2100 are 3% higher, representing the projected increase of UV-B radiation in the tropics according to the latest future-UV radiation models (Bais et al, 2019;Meul et al, 2016). The dotted black line indicates (1) the threshold of severely damaging UV-B exposure (i.e., >20 kJ m -2 d -1 ) for corals (Zhou et al, 2016) and (2) the climatological maximum monthly mean (31.1 • C) of the Jeddah region (Osman et al, 2018).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Unraveling the Seasonality of UV Exposure in Reef Waters of a Rapidly Warming (Sub-)tropical Sea

Overmans

Agustı́

2020

Front. Mar. Sci.

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Ultraviolet radiation (UV) is a crucial abiotic stressor that can have severe impacts on biota residing in the upper euphotic zone, especially if UV stress coincides with other stressors such as extreme sea surface temperatures (SSTs). Exposure-dependent effects of UV exposure have been described for a broad range of marine taxa and ecosystems such as coral reefs, yet little is known about the magnitude and seasonality of UV exposure in natural waters. In the present study, we determined how daily exposure of UV-B and UV-A varies seasonally along the water column of a reef system in the central Red Sea, and identified periods when damaging UV levels are likely to coincide with episodes of extreme SST, both presently and in the future. Between July 2016 and September 2018, UV spectroradiometer profiles were recorded fortnightly at a pelagic site adjacent to a mid-shore reef off the Saudi Arabian Red Sea coast, while atmospheric UV-B and UV-A irradiances were measured in 10-min intervals. Additionally, we quantified the concentration of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) and absorption by chromophoric dissolved organic matter (aCDOM) in the reef as well as the surrounding waters. Biologically effective optical depths (Z10%) ranged from 6.3-12.9 m (UV-B) and 14.4-27.3 m (UV-A), with the highest UV transparency being observed in late summer when photodegradation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) was most intense and the concentration and molecular weight of CDOM were at their lowest. Incident UV peaked a few weeks prior to this later summer maximum in UV transparency. Consequently, organisms living close to the water surface experienced their most intense UV exposure in May/June, while the timing of maximum UV exposure for biota below ∼2-4 m coincided with the annual peak in water transparency and water temperature, i.e., in July/August. However, SSTs in the Red Sea are increasing at a rapid rate due to climate change, with the consequence that extreme temperatures are occurring earlier in the year and may eventually coincide with extreme UV radiation in shallower areas of the reef. This development could have potentially detrimental effects on highly sensitive, immotile reef biota such as reef-building corals.

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Section: Projection Of Future Sst and Uv-b Exposurementioning

confidence: 66%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unraveling the Seasonality of UV Exposure in Reef Waters of a Rapidly Warming (Sub-)tropical Sea

Overmans

Agustı́

2020

Front. Mar. Sci.

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“…In the latter study, it is also discussed that the trends vary temporally and spatially, depending on the season and the altitude of different sub-regions of Piedmont. In the future, UV irradiance is projected to increase over Italy, mainly as a result of improved air quality and reduced attenuation by clouds over the area [41,66,174,175]. Despite the significance and the possible impacts of changes in solar UV irradiance, and the availability of UV irradiance measurements since the beginning of the 1990s, there is currently no study focused on its long-term changes over the last decades.…”

Section: State Of Measurements In Italymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the very complex interactions of solar UV radiation with atmospheric constituents and the features of the Earth's surface [65], modeling and predicting its changes is in many cases very uncertain [41,66,67]. Large uncertainties in the future projections (by climate models) of the main factors controlling the levels of the solar UV irradiance at the Earth's surface (especially clouds and aerosols) further increase the uncertainty in estimates of future UV changes due to the corresponding changes in climate and air quality [66]. The spectral characteristics of the interactions between UV radiation and aerosols are not yet completely understood, and are usually poorly described in radiative transfer models [41,67].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solar UV Irradiance in a Changing Climate: Trends in Europe and the Significance of Spectral Monitoring in Italy

et al. 2019

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Review of the existing bibliography shows that the direction and magnitude of the long-term trends of UV irradiance, and their main drivers, vary significantly throughout Europe. Analysis of total ozone and spectral UV data recorded at four European stations during 1996–2017 reveals that long-term changes in UV are mainly driven by changes in aerosols, cloudiness, and surface albedo, while changes in total ozone play a less significant role. The variability of UV irradiance is large throughout Italy due to the complex topography and large latitudinal extension of the country. Analysis of the spectral UV records of the urban site of Rome, and the alpine site of Aosta reveals that differences between the two sites follow the annual cycle of the differences in cloudiness and surface albedo. Comparisons between the noon UV index measured at the ground at the same stations and the corresponding estimates from the Deutscher Wetterdienst (DWD) forecast model and the ozone monitoring instrument (OMI)/Aura observations reveal differences of up to 6 units between individual measurements, which are likely due to the different spatial resolution of the different datasets, and average differences of 0.5–1 unit, possibly related to the use of climatological surface albedo and aerosol optical properties in the retrieval algorithms.

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“…Over snow-and ice-covered areas, changes in UV radiation will depend on changes in albedo. The estimate of future UV radiation levels is uncertain, because of the assumptions in defining the development of these variables over time [6].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Possible Effects of Greenhouse Gases to Ozone Profiles and DNA Active UV-B Irradiance at Ground Level

et al. 2020

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In this paper, we compare model calculations of ozone profiles and their variability for the period 1998 to 2016 with satellite and lidar profiles at five ground-based stations. Under the investigation is the temporal impact of the stratospheric halogen reduction (chemical processes) and increase in greenhouse gases (i.e., global warming) on stratospheric ozone changes. Attention is given to the effect of greenhouse gases on ultraviolet-B radiation at ground level. Our chemistry transport and chemistry climate models (Oslo CTM3 and EMAC CCM) indicate that (a) the effect of halogen reduction is maximized in ozone recovery at 1-7 hPa and observed at all lidar stations; and (b) significant impact of greenhouse gases on stratospheric ozone recovery is predicted after the year 2050. Our study indicates that solar ultraviolet-B irradiance that produces DNA damage would increase after the year 2050 by +1.3% per decade. Such change in the model is driven by a significant Atmosphere 2020, 11, 228 2 of 18 decrease in cloud cover due to the evolution of greenhouse gases in the future and an insignificant trend in total ozone. If our estimates prove to be true, then it is likely that the process of climate change will overwhelm the effect of ozone recovery on UV-B irradiance in midlatitudes.

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Ozone—climate interactions and effects on solar ultraviolet radiation

Abstract: Conceptual representation of interactive effects of changes in greenhouse gases and ozone-depleting substances on climate and stratospheric ozone, which together with changes in aerosols, clouds and surface reflectivity determine UV-B radiation at Earth's surface.

Cited by 150 publications

References 252 publications

Unraveling the Seasonality of UV Exposure in Reef Waters of a Rapidly Warming (Sub-)tropical Sea

Unraveling the Seasonality of UV Exposure in Reef Waters of a Rapidly Warming (Sub-)tropical Sea

Solar UV Irradiance in a Changing Climate: Trends in Europe and the Significance of Spectral Monitoring in Italy

Possible Effects of Greenhouse Gases to Ozone Profiles and DNA Active UV-B Irradiance at Ground Level

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