Ozone impacts on vegetation in a nitrogen enriched and changing climate

Mills, Gina; Harmens, Harry; Wagg, Serena; Sharps, Katrina; Hayes, Felicity; Fowler, D.; Sutton, Mark A.; Davies, Bruce

doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2015.09.038

Cited by 93 publications

(76 citation statements)

References 95 publications

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“…Whilst this response is commonly observed (Wittig et al, 2007;Ainsworth et al, 2012) (Mills et al, 2016;Wittig et al, 2007). Nevertheless, this remains an important area of future 606 work.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Large but decreasing effect of ozone on the European carbon sink

Oliver¹,

Mercado²,

Sitch³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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mentioning

confidence: 99%

Large but decreasing effect of ozone on the European carbon sink

Oliver¹,

Mercado²,

Sitch³

et al. 2017

Preprint

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“…Under O 3 exposure, many species have smaller roots (Grantz et al., 2006), thereby enhancing drought sensitivity. Depending on species, O 3 might induce stomatal closure, increased stomatal opening or sluggishness (Hoshika, Omasa, & Paoletti, 2013; Hoshika, Katata, et al., 2015), or have no effect (Mills et al., 2016). Differences in the specific response to O 3 of stomatal control may thus affect species composition indirectly through variable soil moisture changes (Jäggi & Fuhrer, 2007).…”

Section: Interactions With Other Abiotic Stresses In a Future Climatementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Increasing CO 2 in controlled environments or open‐top chambers often ameliorates effects of O 3 on leaf physiology, growth, and C allocation; however, evidence from field‐based experiments does not support that they have fully compensatory effects when co‐occurring (Mills et al., 2016). Combined responses to elevated temperature and O 3 have rarely been studied even though some critical growth stages such as seed initiation are sensitive to both.…”

Section: Interactions With Other Abiotic Stresses In a Future Climatementioning

confidence: 99%

“…(2016) provides information on combined effects on plant processes, little information is available on combined effects of O 3 and N on biodiversity. To our knowledge, only one experiment has studied the long‐term effects of combinations of O 3 and N on biodiversity and plant processes in perennial grassland under field conditions (Bassin et al., 2013; Volk et al., 2014).…”

Section: Interactions With Other Abiotic Stresses In a Future Climatementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Mills et al. (2016) concluded that it is not always straightforward to predict the direction of O 3 effect once one or more interacting factors are included and that there is evidence of tipping points occurring where there is a shift from one factor being dominant to another. This shift can be dynamic and change during the growing season.…”

Section: Interactions With Other Abiotic Stresses In a Future Climatementioning

confidence: 99%

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Current and future ozone risks to global terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystem processes

Fuhrer

Martin

Mills

et al. 2016

Ecology and Evolution

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Risks associated with exposure of individual plant species to ozone (O3) are well documented, but implications for terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystem processes have received insufficient attention. This is an important gap because feedbacks to the atmosphere may change as future O3 levels increase or decrease, depending on air quality and climate policies. Global simulation of O3 using the Community Earth System Model (CESM) revealed that in 2000, about 40% of the Global 200 terrestrial ecoregions (ER) were exposed to O3 above thresholds for ecological risks, with highest exposures in North America and Southern Europe, where there is field evidence of adverse effects of O3, and in central Asia. Experimental studies show that O3 can adversely affect the growth and flowering of plants and alter species composition and richness, although some communities can be resilient. Additional effects include changes in water flux regulation, pollination efficiency, and plant pathogen development. Recent research is unraveling a range of effects belowground, including changes in soil invertebrates, plant litter quantity and quality, decomposition, and nutrient cycling and carbon pools. Changes are likely slow and may take decades to become detectable. CESM simulations for 2050 show that O3 exposure under emission scenario RCP8.5 increases in all major biomes and that policies represented in scenario RCP4.5 do not lead to a general reduction in O3 risks; rather, 50% of ERs still show an increase in exposure. Although a conceptual model is lacking to extrapolate documented effects to ERs with limited or no local information, and there is uncertainty about interactions with nitrogen input and climate change, the analysis suggests that in many ERs, O3 risks will persist for biodiversity at different trophic levels, and for a range of ecosystem processes and feedbacks, which deserves more attention when assessing ecological implications of future atmospheric pollution and climate change.

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Mechanisms of nitrogen deposition effects on temperate forest lichens and trees

et al. 2017

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Abstract. We review the mechanisms of deleterious nitrogen (N) deposition impacts on temperate forests, with a particular focus on trees and lichens. Elevated anthropogenic N deposition to forests has varied effects on individual organisms depending on characteristics both of the N inputs (form, timing, amount) and of the organisms (ecology, physiology) involved. Improved mechanistic knowledge of these effects can aid in developing robust predictions of how organisms respond to either increases or decreases in N deposition. Rising N levels affect forests in micro-and macroscopic ways from physiological responses at the cellular, tissue, and organism levels to influencing individual species and entire communities and ecosystems. A synthesis of these processes forms the basis for the overarching themes of this paper, which focuses on N effects at different levels of biological organization in temperate forests. For lichens, the mechanisms of direct effects of N are relatively well known at cellular, organismal, and community levels, though interactions of N with other stressors merit further research. For trees, effects of N deposition are better understood for N as an acidifying agent than as a nutrient; in both cases, the impacts can reflect direct effects on short time scales and indirect effects mediated through long-term soil and belowground changes. There are many gaps on fundamental N use and cycling in ecosystems, and we highlight the most critical gaps for understanding potential deleterious effects of N deposition. For lichens, these gaps include both how N affects specific metabolic pathways and how N is metabolized. For trees, these gaps include understanding the direct effects of N deposition onto forest canopies, the sensitivity of different tree species and mycorrhizal symbionts to N, the influence of soil properties, and the reversibility of N and acidification effects on plants and soils. Continued study of how these N response mechanisms interact with one another, and with other dimensions of global change, remains essential for predicting ongoing changes in lichen and tree populations across North American temperate forests.

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Ozone impacts on vegetation in a nitrogen enriched and changing climate

Cited by 93 publications

References 95 publications

Large but decreasing effect of ozone on the European carbon sink

Large but decreasing effect of ozone on the European carbon sink

Current and future ozone risks to global terrestrial biodiversity and ecosystem processes

Mechanisms of nitrogen deposition effects on temperate forest lichens and trees

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