Ozone Treatment of Surface Water to Provide High Quality Cooling Water and Process Water

A New Practical Index For Predicting Safe Maximum Operating Cycles Of Concentration In Ozonated Cooling Towers

“…There are currently at least several hundred such systems operating in the United States, and their successes and other past failures have been widely published. The successful applications have been characterized by very low corrosion rates [averaging 1-2 mpy (mils per year) for mild steel], extremely low biological counts (often less than 100 cfu/mL), and scale-free achievement of high cycles of concentration (zero blowdown in some cases) (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12) In instances of reported failures, a number of operational shortcomings often were found subsequently to be primary contributing factors. These problems included failure to achieve a sufficient ozone residual (due to inadequate system sizing), unreliable equipment, chemical contamination, and/or inadequate mixing or distribution of the ozone into the recirculating water.…”