P-02-011 Novel Tumor Markers of Breast Cancer

Genetic biomarkers: Potential roles in cancer diagnosis

“…Cancer is a genetic disorder which would be occurred by mutation(s) in two types of genes: (1) cancer-preventing tumor suppressor genes and (2) cancer-promoting oncogenes (28,29) so that it misses its duty (ies) and/or gain new function(s) (30). Both the types are critically regulatory genes which encode cell cycle checkpoints and also participate in retaining terminal division and apoptosis entrance (30), so that the impairments result in uncontrolled cell division (30).…”

“…Both alleles of the gene should be inactivated, through a recessive mutation, to lose the suppressing function completely (30). Functional alterations in the suppressor genes usually result dysregulation in cell cycle and DNA replication, inhibition of apoptosis, or dissociation tumor cells from immune system (28). Functional impairments of the oncogenes, including the signal transmissions and mitogenic signal executions, occur in hyperactive proliferation and cell growth; mutation in only one of the proto-oncogene alleles can affect downstream events (28,30).…”

“…Beside nuclear aberrations, mtDNA mutations may act as oncobiomarker (2,21). Human mtDNA consists of 16.5 kb and contains 37 genes encoding 16SrRNA, netic regulation usually happens through post-replicative methylation (DNA level), RNA interference, and histone modifications (28,29).…”