P&R PARKING AND BIKE-SHARING SYSTEM AS SOLUTIONS SUPPORTING TRANSPORT ACCESSIBILITY OF THE CITY

Abstract

The transport accessibility of cities decreases with the increase in road traffic. Planners, traffic engineers, and road managers are looking for solutions that will reduce congestion on city streets without limiting transport accessibility to the city center. The article presents an overview of solutions used in Poland and abroad that aim to encourage people who travel by car to the city center to use other means of transport. The solutions were identified that can contribute to reducing road traffic in the city without limiting its transport accessibility based on the area inventory in Krakow. The next part of the article analyzes the use of P&R parking and the bike-sharing Wavelo system in Krakow in 2018. The results of the conducted analyses indicate that the most entrances to the P&R parking in Krakow were in the morning hours, whereas the most exits from these parking were in the afternoon. The holiday months were characterized by a lower use of parking space compared with the remaining months. These conclusions may indicate that the people using the analyzed parking lots are mainly commuters. On the contrary, the analysis of the use of the bike-sharing Wavelo system in Krakow allows for the conclusion that a large number of people used rental bikes for short journeys. These trips can complement the journeys made with the use of public transport or as a continuation of the journey after leaving the car in the P&R parking. Investments and development of this type of solutions may be an incentive for people traveling by car to use another means of transport.

Estimating Destination of Bus Trips Considering Trip Type Characteristics

“…In order to improve the accessibility of cities and the efficiency of traffic flow, the connection with infrastructure and services surrounding public transportation is an important factor [27][28][29]. In particular, in order to implement MaaS (Mobility as a Service) through connection with parking and bike sharing systems, it is essential to estimate accurate alighting stops for public transportation.…”

Dynamic Capacitated Arc Routing Problem in E-Bike Sharing System: A Monte Carlo Tree Search Approach

“…As a convenient way for short-distance travel, bike sharing system has been expected to help mitigate traffic congestion, alleviate the growing environmental issues, and promote sustainable transportation development [20]. However, the development of the bike sharing systems has also undergone a long trial-and-error process.…”

Increasing Bike-Sharing Users’ Willingness to Pay — A Study of China Based on Perceived Value Theory and Structural Equation Model

“…Hence, shared bikes are suitable for short-distance trips ( Zhao et al, 2015 ). In Poland and other countries that use shared bikes, bike-sharing systems are designed to encourage more people to commute using bicycles other than motor vehicles, thereby reducing congestion and enhancing transport accessibility ( Macioszek and Kurek, 2020 ). In addition, bike-sharing systems are able to promote an alternative way of traveling and can be used as a way of enhancing sustainable urban mobility ( Macioszek et al, 2020 ).…”