P‐ and F‐co‐doped Carbon Nitride Nanocatalysts for Photocatalytic CO₂ Reduction and Thermocatalytic Furanics Synthesis from Sugars

Abstract

A new P-and F-co-doped amorphous carbon nitride (PFCN) has been synthesized via sol-gel-mediated thermal condensation of dicyandiamide. Such synthesized P-and F-co-doped carbon nitride displayed a well-defined mesoporous nanostructure and enhanced visible light absorption region up to infrared with higher BET surface area of 260.93 m 2 g À 1 ; the highest recorded value for phosphorus-doped carbon nitride materials. Moreover, the formation mechanism is delineated and the role of templates was found to be essential not only in increasing the surface area but also in facilitating the co-doping of P and F atoms. Co-doping helped to narrow the optical band gap to 1.8 eV, thus enabling an excellent photocatalytic activity for the aqueous reduction of carbon dioxide into methanol under visible-light irradiation, which is fifteen times higher (119.56 μmol g À 1 h À 1) than the bare carbon nitride. P doping introduced Brønsted acidity into the material, turning it into an acid-base bifunctional catalyst. Consequently, the material was also investigated for the thermal conversion of common carbohydrates into furanics.

Carbon Nitride‐Based Ruthenium Single Atom Photocatalyst for CO2 Reduction to Methanol

“…[8] Many efforts have been devoted for the development of novel molecular catalysts, and nanomaterials for the photocatalytic reduction of CO 2 . [9][10][11][12] Although, mononuclear organometallic complexes in homogeneous catalysis provide the maximum metal atom efficiency for CO 2 reduction. [13,14] It is usually difficult to retain the metal mononuclearity of organometallic complex after the removal of the organic ligands.…”

The Hallmarks of Copper Single Atom Catalysts in Direct Alcohol Fuel Cells and Electrochemical CO2 Fixation

“…The electrochemical CO 2 reduction reaction (CO 2 RR) to C 1 ‐C 2 hydrocarbon (HC) fuels and chemicals using surplus or renewable electricity, as well as the electrochemical conversion of small organic molecules (SOM) to sustainable energy, can be seen as a closed cycle strategy with maximized energy harvesting efficiency in a “carbon‐neutral” or even a “carbon‐negative” manner. [ 1–6 ] Meanwhile, CO 2 RR can also reduce the global carbon footprint and remediate global climate change. Among SOM, bio‐derived C 1 ‐C 2 alcohols (methanol, ethanol) and simple ethers (DME – dimethyl ether and DEE – diethyl ether) receive particular attention because they present several advantages comparing to hydrogen, that is, fuel storage safety.…”

Recent Advances and Challenges in Photoreforming of Biomass‐Derived Feedstocks into Hydrogen, Biofuels, or Chemicals by Using Functional Carbon Nitride Photocatalysts

“…Various strategies have been developed to address these issues. These include doping with heteroatoms (e. g., B, [41] C, [42] O, [43] S, [44] P, [45,46] F, [47] Br, [48] I, [49] V, [50] Fe, [51] or Zn [52] ), controlling the morphology, [53,54] dyes sensitization, [55] coupling with π‐conjugated graphitic carbon materials [56] and heterojunction construction with other semiconductors (e. g., ZnO, [57] Fe 3 O 4 , [58] Ag 3 PO 4 , [59] AgBr, [60] In 2 TiO 5 , [61] Bi 2 WO 6 , [62] MoS 2 , [63,64] or CoPz [17] ) or conductors (multiwalled carbon nanotubes, [65] polyaniline, [66] or graphene [67] ). The functional carbon nitride photocatalysts obtained using the above approaches exhibited exceptional photocatalytic activities in all kinds of processes.…”