The eukaryotic cell is highly compartmentalized, and contains a variety of both membrane-bound and membraneless organelles. The latter include the cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein (RNP) granules, known as the processing body (P-body) and the stress granule. These RNP structures are thought to be involved in the storage of particular mRNAs during periods of stress. Here, we find that a mutant lacking both P-bodies and stress granules exhibits phenotypes suggesting that these structures also have a role in the maintenance of protein homeostasis. In particular, there was an increased occurrence of specific protein quality control (PQC) compartments in this mutant, an observation that is consistent with there being an elevated level of protein misfolding. These compartments normally house soluble misfolded proteins and allow the cell to sequester these polypeptides away from the remaining cellular milieu. Moreover, specific proteins that are normally targeted to both P-bodies and stress granules were found to instead associate with these PQC compartments in this granuleless mutant. This observation is interesting as our data indicate that this association occurs specifically in cells that have been subjected to an elevated level of proteotoxic stress. Altogether, the results here are consistent with P-bodies and stress granules having a role in normal protein homeostasis in eukaryotic cells. KEYWORDS processing bodies; stress granules; protein quality control compartments; protein homeostasis T HE eukaryotic cell is segregated into distinct functional domains by the presence of a variety of both membranebound and membraneless organelles. The former have been extensively studied and include structures like the mitochondria, nucleus, and endoplasmic reticulum. The latter differ fundamentally from these well-characterized compartments in that they lack a limiting membrane (Hyman et al. 2014). However, it is likely that they serve similar purposes in the cell. For example, macromolecules participating in a related process can be concentrated in these structures so as to increase reaction efficiencies (Jin et al. 2017). Although several of these membraneless compartments, like the nucleolus and centrosome, have been studied for decades, most have been identified more recently. Many of these structures have been found to exhibit liquid-like properties in the cell and to assemble (and disassemble) rapidly in response to specific environmental signals (