At the turn of 1970s, the photo-response of solid materials became a constant subject of intensive research for possible application in modern technologies. Heterogeneous photocatalysis has evolved in a unique way giving rise to various applications for alternative energy, organic synthesis and environmental treatment. Semiconducting compounds have thrived as the most suitable materials for these applications. Towards achieving the maximum potential benefits of semiconductor photocatalysis and to make remarkable impact, the fundamental concept as well as application has been extensively and rigorouslyexplored. We therefore detail herein the basic formalism of semiconductor photocatalysis from band models through the generation of oxidants to the light harvesting processes. The key imperfections in semiconductor oxides and their consequences on the extrinsic semiconductivity are outlined. The advances being made regarding the role of oxidising species in photocatalytic degradation are rationally discussed. Finally, the reader is referred to some 'must read' articles in heterogeneous photocatalysis by semiconductor solids.