(p,Vm,T) and phase equilibrium measurements for a natural gas-like mixture using an automated isochoric apparatus

Continuous production of biofuel from refined and used palm olein oil with supercritical methanol at a low molar ratio

“…The main operating parameters that influence the transesterification under supercritical conditions are temperature, pressure, alcohol to oil molar ratio, and reaction time. As shown in Table 1, the supercritical reaction of a variety of refined vegetable oils has been investigated over a wide range of operating temperatures (280-350°C), pressures (20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27)(28)(29)(30)(31)(32)(33)(34)(35), and reaction times (4-30 min), depending on the types of feedstock and reactor.…”

Review on Natural Gas Thermopysical Property Measurement Techniques

“…These instruments provide accurate results quickly. However, frequent calibration is necessary for this apparatus to maintain its accuracy [12]. Moreover, when the density of the fluid is vastly different from air or pure water (frequently used as reference fluids because of their well-known thermophysical properties) the uncertainty of the measurements increases as reported by Kuramoto et al [8].…”

“…The most accurate and reliable way to obtain the phase envelope for any natural gas mixtures is its determination through experimental measurements [12] Nevertheless, these measurements require state-of-the-art apparatus, which are very costly, both in time and resources, and, considering that the composition, and thus properties, of natural gases can vary widely depending upon the reservoir from which the fluid comes, it is almost impossible carry out measurements for all the possible mixtures over the wide temperature and pressure ranges required. Thus, the common way to obtain phase envelopes for design purposes in the gas industry is through available theoretical models, using gas chromatography determined compositions, and thus, the reliability of the designs stands on the accuracy of the used models.…”

PPR78, a thermodynamic model for the prediction of petroleum fluid-phase behaviour

“…Zhou et al [18] measured 6 dew point-pressures for a natural gas containing N 2 , CO 2 and 7 alkanes. Figure 2.b puts in evidence that with an average deviation lower than 1.2 bar (i.e.…”