“…Fourier coefficients [13], normalized difference nuclear index [14], sparse representation [15], box-plot and the watershed method [16], superpixel method [9], markov random fields [17,18], and morphological method [19], were used for hyperspectral image processing and quantification analysis; (3) Machine learning techniques. Many of the advancements have been done in cancer identification using traditional machine learning classification models, such as linear discriminant analysis [20][21][22][23][24][25][26], quadratic discriminant analysis [21], support vector machine [12,17,[20][21][22][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37], decision trees [22], k-nearest neighbors algorithm [22,38], k-means [12,19,39], naïve bayes [22], random forests [21,22,34,37], maximum likelihood [40], minimum spanning forest [31], gaussian m...…”