Testicular development and spermatogenesis play vital roles in goat reproduction and production. However, only a minimal quantity of genomic information is available on goat testicles during the embryonic stage, adolescence and adulthood. In this study, the transcriptomes of Dazu Black goat testis from infancy (ET), puberty (PT) and adulthood (AT) were sequenced using RNA-Seq technology with Illumina Hiseq4000, and comparative analyses of transcriptomes between three life stages (pairwise comparison) were performed. The sequencing results showed that a total of 62,905 transcriptionally expressed genes were detected, of which 12,829 were new and 42,268 were known. There were extensive alterations in gene expression in the testis over the course of maturation. The gene expression pattern in ET was distinct from those in AT and PT, which indicates that spermatogenesis may be initiated after PT. We analyzed a large number of genes related to spermatogenesis and testicular development, which play important roles at different developmental stages. We also found that the MAPK, tight junction and Wnt signaling pathways were significantly involved at different developmental stages. The results of this study identified differences in mRNA expression in goat testis over the course of its development and the information will be useful for future studies of spermatogenesis in Dazu Black goats.