“…Such PWID-specific programmes may facilitate access to healthcare by reducing stigma and discrimination, and increasing service users' involvement in their care (Ti & Kerr, 2013). However, to effectively engage and retain PWID, services must account for logistical factors, promote positive social interactions between service users and providers, include support strategies to retain users, and account for service users overall treatment and recovery processes (Morris et al, 2017;Rich et al, 2016). Despite aforementioned systematic reviews demonstrating promise for integrated physical health services within PWID-specific services (Oru et al, 2019;Socías et al, 2019), the lack of high quality evidence highlighted the need for robustly designed community-level programmes which seek to understand and address key barriers to PWID service provision and usage (Fernandes et al, 2017).…”