Pacemakers—A journey through the years

Mittal, Tarun

doi:10.1007/s12055-005-0060-0

Cited by 11 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…His device was equipped with an external unit for cardiac activity monitoring and a bipolar catheter electrode which delivered the electrical impulse. Positive results were obtained when testing the device on dogs but it failed when testing it on humans 58 . The control of cardiac activity by means of a pacing device was finally achieved few years later after numerous further studies on dogs.…”

Section: Pacemakersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The control of cardiac activity by means of a pacing device was finally achieved few years later after numerous further studies on dogs. The first implantable pacemaker, developed by William Chardack, Andrew Gage and Wilson Greatbatch, was successfully implanted in human in 1960 57,58 . This success marked the beginning of the pacemaker clinical use and the golden age of implantable pacemaker development.…”

Section: Pacemakersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Medical Devices Biological Safety Assessment: Towards Animal-free Testing

Sachot¹,

Vitale

2019

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Animals have been used since a very long time as experimental subjects to support scientific progress and medical advances. Currently, various testing procedures implying animals are still being conducted within a broad range of scientific fields and applications, as for example the assessment of medical devices safety. The aim of this assessment is to investigate whether a medical device is safe for human use or poses a risk for patients' health. Animal testing for that purpose is especially encouraged by regulatory requirements, which prerequisite however that the use of such testing is deemed necessary and justified in the context of a risk management process. Thus, animal models are no longer systematically used as in the past, but they remain a cornerstone within the delicate decision-making process related to the marketing of medical devices. Though, animal testing has some critical limitations, such as ethical concerns and relevance of animal data, which challenge its further use to that objective. A particular attention is therefore currently given to the development of animal-free alternatives to better support the application of the 3Rs Principle (replacement, reduction, refining) within this field. Unfortunately, the highlyadvanced methods and technologies being developed face barriers (e.g. validation and standardization) which hinder and slow down their implementation as regulatory-accepted alternatives. To overcome these difficulties, the process of regulatory acceptance of these alternatives may be optimized. This may be achieved for example by improving the cooperation, coordination and communication between the different stakeholders, i.e. researchers, regulatory approval bodies and industries. Mostly, a special focus may be set on commitment and shared effort to enhance the efficiency of that process and to establish a regulatory testing framework that no longer relies on animal models.

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Section: Pacemakersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Pacemakersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Medical Devices Biological Safety Assessment: Towards Animal-free Testing

Sachot¹,

Vitale

2019

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“…Une rupture technologique était donc nécessaire. Les objectifs de la stimulation sans sonde ont été atteints étape par étape : en premier lieu, il fallait supprimer la nécessité de la sonde pour la transmission de l'influx électrique, puis ensuite miniaturiser la prothèse et enfin, améliorer la batterie afin d'obtenir une meilleure autonomie car les remplacements de stimulateur doivent survenir le plus tardivement et rarement possible [1].On estime les dysfonctions de sonde à 65 000 par an dans le monde.Finalement, la stimulation sans sonde est devenue une réalité en 2012 avec l'introduction du Nanostim® (Abbott Medical, anciennement St Jude Medical), suivi peu de temps après du Micra® (Medtronic).Les stimulateurs sans sonde sont implantés par une technique mini-invasive (et non chirurgicale comme les stimulateurs classiques). Ils doivent avoir une batterie de longue durée de vie.…”

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La stimulation sans sonde : où en est-on ?

Defaye

2019

Archives des Maladies du Coeur et des Vaisseaux - Pratique

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Bioelectrodes

McAdams¹

2006

Encyclopedia of Medical Devices and Instrumentation

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Good electrode design is not as simple and straightforward a matter as is often assumed, and all electrode designs are not equal in performance for a given application. One must therefore not simply choose an electrode with as conductive a metal plate as possible. Different materials and designs are required for different applications, and it is often best to start with the design of the electrode when developing a new monitoring or stimulation system, rather than leaving it to the end of the project. Key aspects of biomedical electrode design and performance are reviewed. Historical developments are briefly presented, as many of the early designs are still being used, albeit sometimes in different areas of monitoring or therapy. Ideas for electrode design can also be gleaned from the present state‐of‐the‐art other branches of monitoring or electrotherapy.

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Pacemakers—A journey through the years

Cited by 11 publications

References 45 publications

Medical Devices Biological Safety Assessment: Towards Animal-free Testing

Medical Devices Biological Safety Assessment: Towards Animal-free Testing

La stimulation sans sonde : où en est-on ?

Bioelectrodes

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