Pacific Salmon Extinctions: Quantifying Lost and Remaining Diversity

Gustafson, Rick; Waples, Robin S.; Myers, James M.; Weitkamp, Laurie A.; Bryant, Gregory James; Johnson, Orlay W.; Hard, Jeffrey J.

doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2007.00693.x

Cited by 284 publications

(294 citation statements)

References 32 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

291

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Many salmon populations in both the Pacific and Atlantic oceans have experienced sharply decreasing returns and high ocean mortality in the past two decades, with some populations facing extirpation if current marine survival trends continue (36,37). The need for a better understanding of the spatial and temporal patterns of salmon mortality in the sea is frequently cited (37,38), particularly in the period just after ocean entry when most mortality is thought to occur (15,39).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In situ measurement of coastal ocean movements and survival of juvenile Pacific salmon

Welch

Melnychuk

Payne

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

111

120

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Many salmon populations in both the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans have experienced sharply decreasing returns and high ocean mortality in the past two decades, with some populations facing extirpation if current marine survival trends continue. Our inability to monitor the movements of marine fish or to directly measure their survival precludes experimental tests of theories concerning the factors regulating fish populations, and thus limits scientific advance in many aspects of fisheries management and conservation. Here we report a large-scale synthesis of survival and movement rates of free-ranging juvenile salmon across four species, 13 river watersheds, and 44 release groups of salmon smolts (>3,500 fish tagged in total) in rivers and coastal ocean waters, including an assessment of where mortality predominantly occurs during the juvenile migration. Of particular importance, our data indicate that, over the size range of smolts tagged, (i) smolt survival was not strongly related to size at release, (ii) tag burden did not appear to strongly reduce the survival of smaller animals, and (iii) for at least some populations, substantial mortality occurred much later in the migration and more distant from the river of origin than generally expected. Our findings thus have implications for determining where effort should be invested to improve the accuracy of salmon forecasting, to understand the mechanisms driving salmon declines, and to predict the impact of climate change on salmon stocks.

show abstract

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In situ measurement of coastal ocean movements and survival of juvenile Pacific salmon

Welch

Melnychuk

Payne

et al. 2011

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

111

120

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…where the required ration size (mg·day −1 ) and conversion to calories (cal·mg −1 ) are based on Elliott (1976), whereas the energy assimilation fraction (0.58) is from Gustafson et al (2007) and Elliott (1976). We used 8 h as a conservative estimate for the average amount of time that a fish would have to effectively forage over the course of a day and acquire sufficient energy to meet a reduced ration level of intake.…”

Section: Estimates Of Nei and The Proportion Of Suitable Habitatmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In western North America, anadromous fishes have declined over major portions of their range (Gustafson et al 2007). Changes to habitat quality and the amount of accessible habitat are principal factors that are commonly thought to threaten anadromous fishes (Gregory and Bisson 1997;Parrish et al 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioenergetic calculations evaluate changes to habitat quality for salmonid fishes in streams treated with salmon carcass analog

Keeley

Campbell

Kohler

2016

Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Nutrient supplementation in oligotrophic streams is proposed as a means of mitigating losses of marine-derived subsidies from declining or extirpated populations of anadromous fishes. One of the central predictions of nutrient addition is an increased production of fish through bottom-up increases in invertebrate abundance. Such changes in food availability may increase growth and production rates for stream fishes by increasing habitat quality. In this study we apply bioenergetic calculations to estimate changes to habitat quality based on predicted increases in net energy intake. We compared invertebrate drift abundance and estimated changes in energy availability in streams treated with salmon carcass analog versus untreated controls. Our results revealed a two-to threefold increase in invertebrate drift abundance following the addition of salmon carcass analog; however, this effect appeared to be short-term. Measures of the energetic profitability of stream habitat for salmonid fishes revealed small, yet significant, increases in net energy availability in streams that received analog additions, but only after controlling for differences in physical habitat features such as temperature and stream flow.

show abstract

“…South Australian fisheries have also experienced a transition, from fisheries historically focused on inland species to contemporary industries focused on marine species, and it is likely that similar patterns of change have occurred elsewhere. Inland fisheries species in other neo-Europes have also been depleted; for example, Pacific salmon in the USA and Canada have deteriorated dramatically since settlement, and populations occurring inland have been disproportionately more impacted than those in coastal areas [19]. In addition, it is well known that European settlers consistently introduced comparable non-native fish species to geographically distinct locations [3,6,7].…”

Section: Shifting Baselines In Aquatic Ecosystemsmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Neo-Europe’ and its ecological consequences: the example of systematic degradation in Australia's inland fisheries

Alleway¹,

Gillanders²,

Connell³

2016

Biol. Lett.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The antiquity of human impact on ecosystems is increasingly understood, though the arrival of settlers to new lands remains a defining period. Colonization of the ‘neo-Europes’, a reference from the discipline of history, precipitated changes in aquatic ecosystems through modification of waterways and introductions of non-native species. We considered historical fisheries and fish market records from South Australia (1900–1946) against contemporary production statistics (1987–2011). Native inland species historically contributed large quantities to the market but have deteriorated such that fishing is now limited, and conservation regulations exist. This pattern mirrors the demand-driven transition from freshwater to marine fisheries in Europe; hence, we propose that this pattern was predicated on societal expectations and that European settlement and introduction of non-native fishes led to systematic overexploitation and degradation of native inland fisheries species in Australia, representing a further consequence of neo-European colonization to ecology. Accurate interpretation of ecological change can ensure more appropriate management intervention. Concepts, such as neo-Europe, from alternative disciplines can inform the recognition and evaluation of patterns at regional and global scales.

show abstract

Pacific Salmon Extinctions: Quantifying Lost and Remaining Diversity

Abstract: This article is a U.S. government work, and is not subject to copyright in the United States. 1010 Historical Salmon PopulationsGustafson et al. Palabras Clave: biodiversidad, diversidad de salmones, extinción de poblaciones, historia de vida de salmones

Cited by 284 publications

References 32 publications

In situ measurement of coastal ocean movements and survival of juvenile Pacific salmon

In situ measurement of coastal ocean movements and survival of juvenile Pacific salmon

Bioenergetic calculations evaluate changes to habitat quality for salmonid fishes in streams treated with salmon carcass analog

‘Neo-Europe’ and its ecological consequences: the example of systematic degradation in Australia's inland fisheries

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About