Pacing profiles and tactical behaviors of elite runners

Casado, Arturo; Hanley, Brian; Jiménez-Reyes, Pedro; Renfree, Andrew

doi:10.1016/j.jshs.2020.06.011

Cited by 63 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Considering that this training session was designed whereby middle-distance runners should achieve their fastest speed in the first repetition with a subsequent decrease throughout, this finding was expected because speed-adapted milers displayed a faster recent performance in the 800 m event. It has been demonstrated that 800 m races are typically characterized by a positive pacing profile at both major championships [ 8 , 26 , 27 ] and during world record performances [ 9 , 28 ], whereas in 1500 m and longer races such as 5000 m are typically characterized by either a U-shaped parabolic pacing pattern during record performances [ 9 ] or an even pace with a fast end spurt during championships [ 8 ]. Furthermore, although no significant differences were found between repetition times or maximal speed between groups, speed-adapted milers displayed both faster times ( Figure 1 A) and maximal speed ( Figure 1 F) in the first three repetitions than endurance-adapted milers, which indicates their higher ability to generate a higher power output than endurance-adapted milers [ 10 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differentiating Endurance-and Speed-Adapted Types of Elite and World Class Milers According to Biomechanical, Pacing and Perceptual Responses during a Sprint Interval Session

Casado

Renfree

Jaenes

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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The aim was to compare pacing, biomechanical and perceptual responses between elite speed-and endurance-adapted milers during a sprint interval training session (SIT). Twenty elite and world-class middle-distance runners (male: n = 16, female: n = 4; 24.95 ± 5.18 years; 60.89 ± 7 kg) were classified as either speed- or endurance-adapted milers according to their recent performances at 800 m or longer races than 1500 m (10 subjects per group). Participants performed 10 repetitions of 100 m sprints with 2 min of active recovery between each, and performance, perceptual and biomechanical responses were collected. The difference between accumulated times of the last and the first five repetitions was higher in speed-adapted milers (ES = 1.07) displaying a more positive pacing strategy. A higher coefficient of variation (CV%) was displayed across the session by speed-adapted milers in average repetition time, contact time, and affective valence (ES ≥ 1.15). Speed-adapted milers experienced lower rates of valence after the 4th repetition excepting at the 8th repetition (ES ≥ 0.99). Speed-adapted milers may need to display a more positive pacing profile than endurance-adapted milers and, therefore, would experience lower levels of affective valence and a more rapid increase of ground contact time during a SIT.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Differentiating Endurance-and Speed-Adapted Types of Elite and World Class Milers According to Biomechanical, Pacing and Perceptual Responses during a Sprint Interval Session

Casado

Renfree

Jaenes

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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“…Abnormal biomechanics changes naturally cause the lower back injuries [ 44 ]. However, considering that running is a relatively independent movement with multiple degrees of freedom, individual runners perform forward locomotion by using multifarious strategies with evidence for large interindividual shifts in stride patterns and lower limb kinematics [ 45 , 46 ]. Therefore, further research is needed in the future to confirm the extent to which running gait posture affects LBP with different exercise strategies.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Incidence and Risk Factors of Low Back Pain in Marathon Runners

Bao

Chen

Wang

et al. 2021

Pain Research and Management

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Purpose. The occurrence of low back pain (LBP) in marathon runners has been poorly understood. This study aimed to describe the risk factors and identify whether these factors can cause LBP in these athletes. Methods. A self-developed questionnaire was randomly distributed to 850 runners of running a half or a full marathon. Participants responded with the questionnaire focusing on previous training and running conditions after their competitions. Results. On the basis of the remaining 800 valid questionnaires, the incidence of LBP was 4.50% (n = 36). A total of 572 (71.5%) males and 228 (28.5%) females, with an average age range of 33.9 ± 9.0 years, came from different occupations with different physical activity characteristics. However, no significant associations between occupation and runners with LBP ( p > 0.05 ) were found. In the final models, risk factors, including warm-up activities ( p = 0.012 , OR = 2.617), fatigue (p = 0.008, OR = 2.680), running gait posture ( p = 0.041 , OR = 2.273), and environmental temperature ( p = 0.020 , OR = 6.584), were significantly associated with LBP in marathoners. Conclusion. Although LBP was uncommon in marathoners, it was linked to the factors such as insufficient warm-up activities, fatigue, poor running gait posture, and uncomfortable environmental temperature. Future studies need to validate these results. Nevertheless, these findings could still be useful for protecting the lower back area of runners clinically.

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“…Indeed, the world record for the men's 10,000 m running event was recently set not only with the aid of specially-prepared pacemakers but also with a lighting system, the Wavelight pacing technology, which was programmed to show the even pace of the previous record (World Athletics, 2020a ). However, championship racing, where the primary aim of the world's best athletes is to win, regardless of finishing time, features much more variable pacing that reflects tactical decision-making (Casado et al, 2020a ). Even when world-class athletes do not run at their maximum sustainable speed in racing, the stresses on their physiological systems still come at a considerable energetic cost.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Model for World-Class 10,000 m Running Performances: Strategy and Optimization

Mercier

Aftalion

Hanley

2021

Front. Sports Act. Living

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The distribution of energetic resources in world-class distance running is a key aspect of performance, with athletes relying on aerobic and anaerobic metabolism to greater extents during different parts of the race. The purpose of this study is to model 10,000 m championship performances to enable a deeper understanding of the factors affecting running speed and, given that more than half the race is run on curves, to establish the effect of the bends on performance. Because a limitation of time split data is that they are typically averaged over 100-m or 1,000-m segments, we simulate two 10,000 m runners' performances and thus get access to their instantaneous speed, propulsive force and anaerobic energy. The numerical simulations provide information on the factors that affect performance, and we precisely see the effect of parameters that influence race strategy, fatigue, and the ability to speed up and deal with bends. In particular, a lower anaerobic capacity leads to an inability to accelerate at the end of the race, and which can accrue because of a reliance on anaerobic energy to maintain pace in an athlete of inferior running economy. We also see that a runner with a worse running economy is less able to speed up on the straights and that, in general, the bends are run slower than the straights, most likely because bend running at the same pace would increase energy expenditure. Notwithstanding a recommendation for adopting the accepted practices of improving aerobic and anaerobic metabolism through appropriate training methods, coaches are advised to note that athletes who avoid mid-race surges can improve their endspurt, which are the differentiating element in closely contested championship races.

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Pacing profiles and tactical behaviors of elite runners

Cited by 63 publications

References 52 publications

Differentiating Endurance-and Speed-Adapted Types of Elite and World Class Milers According to Biomechanical, Pacing and Perceptual Responses during a Sprint Interval Session

Differentiating Endurance-and Speed-Adapted Types of Elite and World Class Milers According to Biomechanical, Pacing and Perceptual Responses during a Sprint Interval Session

Incidence and Risk Factors of Low Back Pain in Marathon Runners

A Model for World-Class 10,000 m Running Performances: Strategy and Optimization

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