Abstract-This paper investigates cooperative relaying to support energy efficient in vivo communications. In such a network, the in vivo source nodes transmit their sensing information to an on-body destination node either via direct communications or by employing on-body cooperative relay nodes in order to promote energy efficiency. Two relay modes are investigated, namely single-hop and multi-hop (two-hop) relaying. In this context, the paper objective is to select the optimal transmission mode (direct, single-hop, or two-hop relaying) and relay assignment (if cooperative relaying is adopted) for each source node that results in the minimum per bit average energy consumption for the in vivo network. The problem is formulated as a binary program that can be efficiently solved using commercial optimization solvers. Numerical results demonstrate the significant improvement in energy consumption and quality-of-service (QoS) support when multi-hop communication is adopted.Index Terms-Body area network, in vivo, energy efficiency, relaying, multi-hop.
I. INTRODUCTIONNowadays, health care systems demand accurate and continuous monitoring of patients' health status. Such a monitoring is currently enabled through wireless body area networks that adopt low-powered sensor nodes which can be deployed inside the human body (in vivo) or on the body to measure all physiological data of interest.A major challenge for in vivo communication is the requirement to support energy efficient communications with a quality-of-service (QoS) guarantee. This objective is motivated by the low power supply available for the in vivo sensor nodes and the associated difficulties with replacing the batteries of the in vivo implanted nodes. In most cases, it may not be feasible to support energy efficient in vivo communication given the high path loss, which may also lead to QoS outage. As a result, deploying on-body relay nodes can result in satisfying the target QoS and energy efficiency requirements. Thus, multiple in vivo sensor nodes can use multiple on-body relay nodes to forward the physiological signal information towards an on-body destination node that further transmits all gathered information to the hospital server for continuous monitoring and processing. Furthermore, a single on-body relay node can be used by multiple in vivo source nodes through a frequency division multiple access (FDMA) scheme among source nodes. However, most of the existing research focus mainly on singlehop relaying. On the other hand, multi-hop relaying can further