Paddy Cultivation during Early Holocene:Evidence from Diatoms in Lahuradewa Lake Sediments, Ganga Plain

Thakur, Biswajeet; Saxena, Anju; Singh, Indra Bir

doi:10.18520/cs/v114/i10/2106-2115

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 25 publications

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“…Saxena et al (2006) suggested the appearance of cultivated rice phytotlith at 8300 cal yr BP, indicating agararian practice at the Lahurdeva Lake region, central Ganga Plain. Thakur et al (2018) further substantiated the agricultural activities on the basis of diatoms with reference to the paddy field cultivation ca. 8 ka.…”

Section: Agricultural Practices and Other Anthropogenic Activities In...mentioning

confidence: 91%

Agricultural practices in India during the Holocene: A pollen view point and a critical appraisal

Quamar¹,

Kar²

2022

The Holocene

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Pollen assemblages provide valuable insights into the beginning of cereal-based agricultural practices and the transition from a hunting and gathering to a sedentary and food-producing way of life. Anthropogenic pollen indicators (APIs) and their precise identification, with respect to taxonomic resolution, can help to document the history of agricultural development, pastoral activities and human-induced land-use changes, particularly for the Holocene Epoch. Moreover, careful selection of pollen types, and/or indices, established for a particular region, are useful for obtaining meaningful reconstructions of anthropogenic activities through time. Specific pollen-markers have been used to deduce the inception of agriculture and the impact of anthropogenic activities on the landscape, from the different regions of the world. For India, Cerealia, and other cultural plant pollen taxa, such as Amaranthaceae, Caryophyllaceae, Brassicaceae, Polygonaceae, Artemisia, Cannabis sativa, Alternanthera, Urtica, Rumex and Borreria have been used as marker pollen types for indicating agricultural practices and other anthropogenic activities. In this communication, we have made an attempt to trace the advent and intensification of agricultural practices in the varied physiographic regions of the Indian sub-continent, on the basis of the available palynological records. We have further critically analysed the plausibility of agricultural practices and other human activities during the Late Pleistocene/Pre and Early Holocene with respect to the Indian scenario.

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Section: Agricultural Practices and Other Anthropogenic Activities In...mentioning

confidence: 91%

Agricultural practices in India during the Holocene: A pollen view point and a critical appraisal

Quamar¹,

Kar²

2022

The Holocene

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“…The stability in rice production achieved is evidently due to the cultivation of so many preferred old or aged genotypes in addition to hundreds of commercially notified cultivars in fragmented landholdings in monsoon-dependent farmers' fields in India. About 9000 years BP, the human population at the Lahuradewa archaeological site of the Indo-Gangetic plains used the lake margin to cultivate rice (Thakur et al 2018). India is a home for over 20,000 traditional landraces and 15,000 Indian cultivars are given to IRRI's germplasm bank (IRRI 1991).…”

Section: Considering Farmers' Preferences In Bs Seed Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of breeder seed multiplication and certified quality seed distribution on rice production in India

et al. 2022

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Background The All India Coordinated Rice Improvement Project (AICRIP) organizes multi-location tests (METs) with new genotypes from breeding programs. The best performing genotypes in METs for 3–4 years are identified and notified as commercial cultivars by the Government of India (GOI) to authorize breeder seed (BS) production. Methods We created a database and analyzed data on BS production for 24 years (1995–96 to 2018–19) in 475 inbred and 22 F1 hybrid cultivars. Estimates were made to rank cultivars on the proportional contribution of a cultivar, quantity produced and a new BS index. Correlation and regression analyses were used to find the relationships between BS, certified quality seed distributed (CQSD), and milled rice production. We compared cultivars in BS production chain with those grown in farmers’ fields across the country as identified in the production-oriented surveys. Results The top ten inbred cultivars identified are Jaya (notified by GOI in 1969), Swarna, Kranthi, IR 36, Sarjoo 52, Samba Mahsuri and Pusa Basmati 1 (notified in 1980–1989), and IR 64, Vijetha and Cottondora Sannalu (notified in 1991–2000). BS production in hybrid F1 was insignificant. We detected a Pearson correlation (r = 0.806, P < 0.01) between the BS production and CQSD, and a linear relationship between the annual rice production in India and the CQSD (R2 = 0.850, P < 0.01). The rice area coverage in 2018–19 with CQSD estimated was 41%. A total of 1877 cultivars (528 notified and 1349 not notified) were found at farms in rice growing districts in India. Conclusions From 1995–2019, BS and CQSD together increased the annual milled rice production in step with increases in population. Diverse rice genotypes have enabled rice to endure crop constraints in fragmented landholdings spread over 43 m ha. AICRIP’s efforts have sustained availability of > 73 kg rice per capita per year (~ 40% of food grains). The process of notification, receipt of indent for BS from states, allotment and BS production, and de-notification of a cultivar by GOI need a review to ensure profits to farmers. As the 1000-seed weight varies in cultivars, it must be notified by GOI to adjust seed rate and maintain the recommended plant population at the farms. There is scope to increase the priceless BS production in cultivars to raise the country’s production further, facilitate export and ensure profits to all stakeholders.

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“…Past climate variability and its various manifestations both in terms of magnitude and periodicity can provide clues for plausible future changes along with anthropogenic forcings. Until now several sedimentary archives have been studied from the Ganga Plain (Misra et al, 2020; Saxena and Trivedi, 2017; Thakur et al, 2018; Tripathi et al, 2017). However, there is still a paucity of climatic data for the Late-Holocene (Meghalayan Age- 4.2 ka to present) in the river interfluve region.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring hydroecology and climatic variability since ~4.6 ka from palynological, sedimentological and environmental perspectives in an Ox-bow lake, Central Ganga Plain, India

Farooqui¹,

Khan²,

Agnihotri³

et al. 2023

The Holocene

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The Ganga-Sai River Interfluve contains several ox-bow lakes in the fertile Central Ganga plains (CGP). A ~2.20-meter deep sedimentary profile obtained near the Chandra Shekhar Azad bird sanctuary (Nawabganj lake-NL) of the CGP was studied to understand the evolution of the ecosystem and climate using pollen/spores, diatoms, testate amoebae, environmental magnetic data,and carbon and nitrogen isotopes. This sedimentary profile is chronologically well-constrained by five radiocarbon (14C) dates. Between 4.6 and 4.4 ka, the sandy sediment and pollen evidence for riparian forest, the absence of aquatic pollen and sponge spicules suggest scant water in the vicinity through the river channel. A semi-closed fluvial ecosystem between 4.4 and 4.2 ka is indicated by testate amoebae, sponge spicules and arboreal pollen. At least two intermittent warm conditions prevailed between 4.6 and 4.2 ka. Between 4.2 and 2.8 ka, high aquatic pollen, diatoms and testate amoebae indicate a lake ecosystem. By ~2.8–0.9 ka the gammoscleres from sponges formed during dry seasons indicate recharging during monsoon as the river shifted. Thereafter, agricultural pollen ( Brassica and Apiaceae) indicates a further shift in the lake boundary exposing land. The highly sandy texture, fluctuating δ13C, δ15N and magnetic mineral values indicate an unstable fluvio-lacustrine deposition inducing hydroecological changes influenced by intermittent about 5–6 humid and dry climatic conditions since ~4.6 ka to present. The calcrete layer in the bottom sediments shows high aridity in CGP between ~5 and 4.6 ka reaching the climax cold-dry event of ~4.2 ka recorded worldwide. The spectral analysis of palynological data from NL and the contemporary Barela Lake, reveals de Vries and Gleissberg cycles of low and high solar irradiance at centennial to multi-centennial scale during the Holocene. The impact on vegetation, sediment depositional dynamics, and shift in river channel was more rapid showing the dominance of ~200 years. periodicity post ~5 ka as compared to ~300 years of dominance prior to this. This centennial timescale is of great speculation for future climate predictions in CGP coupled with the anthropogenic forcings.

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Paddy Cultivation during Early Holocene:Evidence from Diatoms in Lahuradewa Lake Sediments, Ganga Plain

Cited by 11 publications

References 25 publications

Agricultural practices in India during the Holocene: A pollen view point and a critical appraisal

Agricultural practices in India during the Holocene: A pollen view point and a critical appraisal

Impact of breeder seed multiplication and certified quality seed distribution on rice production in India

Monitoring hydroecology and climatic variability since ~4.6 ka from palynological, sedimentological and environmental perspectives in an Ox-bow lake, Central Ganga Plain, India

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