Pagano-Levin Medium: Readings with Candida Albicans Organisms at Incubator and Room Temperature*

Kelly, J. F. Daniel; Kutscher, Austin H.; Tuoti, Ferdinand

doi:10.1038/jid.1961.62

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…Similar results were reported by Varga (49) in comparing Nickerson's medium and PLM. The color characteristics of 43 strains of C. albicans growing on PLM at 37 C at the end of 24 h were similar to those after 55 h of incubation at room temperature by Kelly et al (15). Using Candida (Monilia) organisms from the mouth, Cuttita et al (9) found no instance of a false positive on PLM when "other well known laboratory procedures" were used to verify the identity of the organism.…”

supporting

confidence: 65%

Pagano-Levin Candida test medium: evaluation using vaginal samples

Sinski¹,

Kelley²,

Reed³

1975

J Clin Microbiol

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Since 1958 Pagano-Levin medium (PLM) has been used as an aid in the identification of Candida albicans. However, no statistical analysis of its effectiveness based on large number of random human specimens has been reported. The present study compared PLM (now called Candida test) with Sabouraud's plus antimicrobials and Littman's ox-gall agar without antimicrobials. Of 500 random vaginal samples 24.8 were true positives, 71.9% were true negatives, 2.2% were false positives, and 1.2% were false negatives on PLM. If only samples identified as C. albicans were considered, 95.4% were true positives and 4.6% were false negatives. PLM did not inhibit C. albicans from the vagina. No one medium was found superior to the others for the purpose of isolating and identifying C. albicans. Of the five strains of C. parapsilosis, the only other Candida species isolated, all the samples grew on PLM but most were inhibited on Sabouraud's medium plus antimicrobials. Pagano, Levin, and Trejo (30) described a medium formulated to aid in differentiation of Candida albicans from other species of the genus based on development of color upon growth of yeasts on a medium containing 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride. Candida spp. varied in reduction of tetrazolium. Most Candida spp. formed colored formazans, but C. albicans either did so slightly or not at all. With the optimum concentration of 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride was 100,ug/ml (0.01%), C. albicans produced creamy-textured, white to pink colonies. Other Candida spp. produced dark reds with a creamy texture or a whitechalky colony. The medium also included neomycin to suppress bacteria. Though not cited by Pagano et al., Canizares and Shatin in 1951 (8) had used 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride in dermatophyte culture media; 0.01% 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride produced pink colonies of C. albicans with a white edge 14 days after inoculation. The medium has been generally referred to as Pagano-Levin medium (PLM). In 1970, E. R. Squibb and Sons called it "Candida test medium for fungi." Under the name Pagano-Levin medium there are many reports of its use (1,

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confidence: 65%

Pagano-Levin Candida test medium: evaluation using vaginal samples

Sinski¹,

Kelley²,

Reed³

1975

J Clin Microbiol

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“…Many investigators have used incubation temperatures of 25°to 30°C (Pagano et al, 1958;Kutscher, Seguin, Zegarelli, Rankow, Campbell, and Mercadante, 1959a;Kutscher, Seguin, Zegarelli, Rankow, Mercadante, and Piro, 1959b;Hayes and Thompson, 1963;Schmidt, 1966), although Kelly, Kutscher, and Tuoti (1961) found no difference in the results of growth at room temperature and 37°C. We found no necessity to use lower temperatures since sufficient growth and colour changes could be detected after 24 hours at 370C.…”

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confidence: 99%

Tetrazolium medium as an aid in the routine diagnosis of Candida

Denny

Partridge

1968

J Clin Pathol

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The tetrazolium medium described is easily prepared and serves as a rapid, relatively accurate and simple means of differentiatingCandidaspecies, particularlyC. albicans, from other yeasts. Culture on this medium does not replace other techniques used for yeast identification. No one test alone will suffice and final identification must rest on an overall pattern of characteristics. In the screening of 1,822 yeast isolates in this laboratory, culture on this medium has proved a valuable adjunct to other recognized techniques, and is now in regular use.

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Pagano-Levin Medium: Readings with Candida Albicans Organisms at Incubator and Room Temperature*

Cited by 2 publications

References 8 publications

Pagano-Levin Candida test medium: evaluation using vaginal samples

Pagano-Levin Candida test medium: evaluation using vaginal samples

Tetrazolium medium as an aid in the routine diagnosis of Candida

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