Pagophagia and Iron Deficiency Anemia

Reynolds, Ralph D.; Binder, Henry J.; Miller, Monte B.; Chang, Walter W. Y.; Horan, Sherman

doi:10.7326/0003-4819-69-3-435

Cited by 75 publications

(47 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Clay is particularly effective for binding and diluting toxic chemicals (e.g., Phillips et al, 1995;Sarr et al, 1995;Phillips, 1999), and pica seems to be a specific response in rats because they select clay rather than pebbles or soil when poisoned . However, pica can also be related to nutritional needs; mineral deficiencies in humans and other animals can promote ingestion of clay and other materials that are rich in minerals (e.g., Reynolds et al, 1968;Smith and Halsted, 1970;Roselle, 1970).…”

Section: Kaolin Ingestion (Pica)-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Signals for nausea and emesis: Implications for models of upper gastrointestinal diseases

Andrews

Horn

2006

Autonomic Neuroscience

221

201

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Nausea and vomiting are amongst the most common symptoms encountered in medicine as either symptoms of diseases or side effects of treatments. In a more biological setting they are also important components of an organism's defences against ingested toxins. Identification of treatments for nausea and vomiting and reduction of emetic liability of new therapies has largely relied on the use of animal models, and although such models have proven invaluable in identification of the anti-emetic effects of both 5-hydroxytryptamine3 and neurokinin1 receptor antagonists selection of appropriate models is still a matter of debate. The present paper focuses on a number of controversial issues and gaps in our knowledge in the study of the physiology of nausea and vomiting including: The choice of species for the study of emesis and the underlying behavioural (e.g. neophobia), anatomical (e.g. elongated, narrow abdominal oesophagus with reduced ability to shorten) and physiological (e.g. brainstem circuitry) mechanisms that explain the lack of a vomiting reflex in certain species (e.g. rats); The choice of response to measure (emesis[retching and vomiting], conditioned flavour avoidance or aversion, ingestion of clay [pica], plasma hormone levels[e.g. vasopressin], gastric dysrhythmias) and the relationship of these responses to those observed in humans and especially to the sensation of nausea; The stimulus coding of nausea and emesis by abdominal visceral afferents and especially the vagus-how do the afferents encode information for normal postprandial sensations, nausea and finally vomiting?; Understanding the central processing of signals for nausea and vomiting is particularly problematic in the light of observations that vomiting is more readily amenable to pharmacological treatment than is nausea, despite the assumption that nausea represents "low" intensity activation of pathways that can evoke vomiting when stimulated more intensely.

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Section: Kaolin Ingestion (Pica)-mentioning

confidence: 99%

Signals for nausea and emesis: Implications for models of upper gastrointestinal diseases

Andrews

Horn

2006

Autonomic Neuroscience

221

201

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“…Reynolds et al studied patients with pica in 1968 and demonstrated disappearance of symptoms of pagophagia with correction of iron deficiency anemia [35]. Similarly, other workers have also reported resolution of pagophagia with iron supplementation, even before correction of anemia [36,37].…”

Section: Ida and Picamentioning

confidence: 97%

Iron Deficiency: Beyond Anemia

Yadav

Chandra

2010

Indian J Pediatr

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Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional disorder affecting at least one third of world's population. Though anemia is common manifestation of iron deficiency, other effects of iron deficiency on various tissues, organs and systems are usually under recognized. Impaired brain development and cognitive, behavioural and psychomotor impairment are most worrisome manifestations of iron deficiency. Studies have demonstrated that some of these changes occurring during period of brain growth spurt (<2 years age) may be irreversible. Association of iron deficiency with febrile seizures, pica, breath holding spells, restless leg syndrome and thrombosis is increasingly being recognized. Impaired cell-mediated immunity and bactericidal function are generally noted in iron-deficient persons; however, the findings are inconsistent. Despite proven reversible functional immunological defects in vitro studies, a clinically important relationship between states of iron deficiency and susceptibility to infections remains controversial. Studies from malaria endemic regions have reported increased incidence of malaria in association with iron supplementation. These and some other aspects of iron deficiency are reviewed in this article.

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“…Although some have argued that the iron-deficient state is the result of pica, there are reports providing impressive demonstrations of the rapid alleviation of these cravings following iron therapy (McDonald and Marshall, 1964;Crosby, 1976). Perhaps more impressive is the recent evidence that a distinctive form of pica, pagophagia (compulsive iceeating), is specifically associated with iron deficiency (Reynolds et at., 1968;Coltman, 1969). This symptom is also rapidly alleviated by the introduction of iron-repletion therapy.…”

Section: Affective States and Picamentioning

confidence: 99%