Pain and distress in agricultural animals

Underwood, Wendy J.

doi:10.2460/javma.2002.221.208

Cited by 56 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 15 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…Reconhecidamente um dos comportamentos de dor nos animais é a relutância em se mover e redução da produtividade, como descrito por Underwood (2002), comprovando que quando menos o animal se locomove, menos produz.…”

Section: Discussionunclassified

Avaliação das características do líquido ruminal, hemogasometria, atividade pedométrica e diagnóstico de laminite subclínica em vacas leiteiras

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ABSTRACT.-Rodrigues M., Deschk M., Santos G.G.F., Perri S.H.V., Merenda V.R., Hussni C.A., Alves A.L.G. & Rodrigues C. A. 2013 The objectives of this study were to evaluate the characteristics of ruminal fluid, blood gas analysis, pedometer activity and suclinical laminitis occurrence, through the presence of secondary foot diseases in high production dairy cows, from a commercial herd. 200 Holstein cows originating from the same farm, located in Araçatuba/SP, Brazil, were divided into four groups, which are established from the daily milk production. Initially clinical examination of the cows was procedure, followed by sampling of rumen fluid, by esophageal tube. Fluid was evaluated for pH, color, odor, consistency, sedimentation, flotation and methylene blue reduction test. Venous blood samples were also collected for blood gas analysis, in addition to collecting data from pedometrics (number of steps) and daily milk production. Data were tabulated and submitted to correlation analysis. No animal had reported changes in rumen pH. Non-acid base imbalance were found, since the values of blood pH, PCO2, TCO2, HCO3-and BE were normal during hemogasimetric analysis. The pedometric was effective as a screening method to cows with foot diseases. It demonstrated reduction in the number of steps due to pain, correlated with lower milk production. However, the identification of foot lesions was only possible through specific digital clinical examination. The occurrence of 49.5 % of herd foot problems was due to the risk factors present in the farm. The abrasive concrete and inadequate facilities, also associated with the possible occurrence of sub-acute ruminal acidosis, were observed as risk factors. However, sub-acute ruminal acidosis was undiagnosed by the methods used. The correlation between the values of ruminal pH, and blood gas analysis pedometrics showed efficient for the early diagnosis of foot diseases and also in establishing the etiology of these diseases. Subclinical laminitis occurred primarily in cow's herd, considering the multifactorial etiology of this disease, occurrence and distribution of foot diseases diagnosed.INDEX TERMS: Affections podal, bovine, subclinical laminitis, rumen fluid, subacute ruminal acidosis.

show abstract

Section: Discussionunclassified

Avaliação das características do líquido ruminal, hemogasometria, atividade pedométrica e diagnóstico de laminite subclínica em vacas leiteiras

et al. 2013

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For example, farm animals may show no major apparent symptoms when in pain because such individuals (sick or injured) are more prone to predation; thus, hiding signs of painful events has become a strategy of survival in many species (Underwood 2002). Henke and Erhardt (2001) advanced a theory concerning the differences in people's attitudes regarding the ability of sensing pain in various animal species.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pain in domestic animals and how to assess it: a review

Landa¹

2012

Vet. Med.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

ABSTRACT:In recent years more attention has been paid to the issue of pain in animals, particularly in association with increasing awareness of animal welfare. It is therefore necessary for veterinarians to be able recognise unambiguously whether an animal suffers from pain. Adult humans suffering from pain can more or less characterise their painful experiences, including the site and intensity of the pain. However, pain in animals is in some aspects more complex and it can be rather difficult to evaluate the seriousness and impact of painful events. Therefore, in animals we have to recognise the signs of pain according to indirect markers which involve behavioural, physiological and finally clinical responses. Moreover, in particular the behavioural changes associated with pain can be along with the general signs also species-specific, and hardly recognisable (and for an inexperienced observer seemingly unimportant) which makes pain assessment even more complicated. Therefore, the current review formulates definitions of pain, its classification and is focused on methods that may facilitate pain recognition in animals, which is crucial for an effective pain assessment and consequent effective pain management. The review combines recent knowledge with well proven facts concerning pain and furthermore also highlights the author's own research on pain assessment.

show abstract

“…Being a social animal species, the behavioural expressions of pain within the first 3 h of treatment were buffered by their pen mates that exhibited fear behaviour (Guesgen et al, 2014). This also supports the suggestions that the absence of visual signs of pain does not indicate that the animals are not experiencing pain (Anil et al, 2002;Underwood, 2002). Unless the animals are accustomed to the humans who are handling them, the applicability in assessing behaviour in field condition is still debatable and yet to be justified by strong evidence.…”

Section: Main Findings In This Thesissupporting

confidence: 59%

“…Ruminants may also perceive their owners or the farmers as predators, and therefore may not manifest their experience of pain in their behaviour in the presence of humans (Federation of Animal Science Societies, 2010). Hence, behavioural changes may be considered as a substantial obstacle for pain assessment, as the absence of visual signs of pain does not indicate that the animal is not experiencing pain (Anil et al, 2002;Underwood, 2002). Therefore these findings have led to the demand in developing other objective tools of pain assessment that include biomarker indices, particularly in livestock animals.…”

Section: Objective Indicators Of Pain and Stress In Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…mentioned that the conclusions made on the subjective content of painful experiences cannot be regarded as statements of fact. Furthermore, pain assessment in prey animals such as ruminants can be complicated as the behavioural demonstration of pain is often concealed to avoid predators' attention (Underwood, 2002). Due to its subjective nature, it is evident that one parameter cannot independently define the noxious experience.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Refining a ‘toolkit’ for objective assessment of pain and stress in ruminants

Othman¹

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Pain is a complex phenomenon, and to address pain management in animals, the presence of pain needs to be determined. Most studies assess the presence of pain based on the appraisal of either a single biomarker or a combination of a few parameters, which were often not examined simultaneously. In ruminants, measurements of cortisol and haptoglobin (Hp), and the assessment of behavioural changes have been the standard practice for this purpose. Nevertheless, there are still limitations in using these parameters, as they are also indicators of psychological stress, and can be misinterpreted as to indicate the presence of pain. Assessment of behavioural changes in ruminants can be difficult as prey animals conceal their experience of pain to avoid predators' attention.Therefore it is recommended that a reliable assessment tool be devised that includes a combination of various parameters to determine the presence of pain in ruminants in order to address pain management effectively.The primary aims of this study were to evaluate the conventional and contemporary biomarkers to determine the response of an animal to a noxious experience, and to refine a multi-parameter 'toolkit' that can be applied in assessing pain in ruminants. For these purposes, castration was used as a model of a common painful husbandry procedure that presumably evokes pain associated with the tissue injury.Merino cross lambs were assigned to two groups that were either surgically castrated or subjected to restraint stress (control). Castration was an open surgical technique without the provision of anaesthesia or analgesia. The conventional biomarkers estimated were plasma cortisol, Hp and betaendorphin (β-EP). The contemporary biomarkers measured were interleukin-6 (IL-6), substance P (SP), and prostaglandin E 2 (PGE 2 ). The peripheral leukocytes expression of IL-6 and proopiomelanocortin (POMC), the precursor of β-EP were also estimated. Behavioural changes were recorded to assess pain-related behaviour caused by the surgical procedure.Following treatment, the cortisol concentration in the castrated lambs was higher than control animals from ten minutes to two hours post-castration, indicative of the acute noxious experience associated with the surgical procedure. Surgical castration also caused a response in SP indicative of nociception and neurogenic inflammation, which was increased from 30 minutes and became significant eight hours following castration. The behavioural assessment showed that the castrated lambs demonstrated statue standing, a pain-like behaviour, from three to five hours post-castration, which were associated with the increase in SP, indicative of the pain sensitisation caused by the tissue injury. Increase in the systemic inflammatory mediators, the Hp and IL-6 were observed from ii day two, in which Hp remained significant until day four and resolved by day five. The IL-6 continued to increase over time, suggesting of an ongoing inflammatory response and inflammatory pain possibly until wound healing had occurre...

show abstract

Pain and distress in agricultural animals

Cited by 56 publications

References 15 publications

Avaliação das características do líquido ruminal, hemogasometria, atividade pedométrica e diagnóstico de laminite subclínica em vacas leiteiras

Avaliação das características do líquido ruminal, hemogasometria, atividade pedométrica e diagnóstico de laminite subclínica em vacas leiteiras

Pain in domestic animals and how to assess it: a review

Refining a ‘toolkit’ for objective assessment of pain and stress in ruminants

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About