2021
DOI: 10.2174/1874434602115010170
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Pain Assessment and Management in Intensive Care Unit: Nurses' Practices, Perceived Influencing Factors, and Educational Needs

Abstract: Background: Critically ill patients and those mechanically ventilated or unable to communicate may not be able to report any pain they experience. Consequently, pain assessment and management (PAM) is challenging and underestimated in intensive care units (ICUs), where patients suffer alteration of consciousness, sedation, invasive procedures and mechanical ventilation. Aim: This study aimed to investigate ICU nurses’… Show more

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Cited by 12 publications
(18 citation statements)
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“…Because pain is a multifaceted and subjective phenomenon influenced by an individual’s culture, beliefs, previous pain experience, and ability to cope [ 2 , 3 ], it is defined as “pain is whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever he says it does”. Pain cannot be verified, and self-report is the only reliable measure to assess the presence and intensity of pain [ 1 , 4 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 2 more Smart Citations
“…Because pain is a multifaceted and subjective phenomenon influenced by an individual’s culture, beliefs, previous pain experience, and ability to cope [ 2 , 3 ], it is defined as “pain is whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever he says it does”. Pain cannot be verified, and self-report is the only reliable measure to assess the presence and intensity of pain [ 1 , 4 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…These effects include fear, anxiety, sleep disturbance, hopelessness, weak memory, decreased cognitive function, social isolation, and a lowered quality of life [ 5 , 7 , 8 ]. Undertreated pain delays the mobilization of the patient, delays wounds healing, depresses immunity, slows recovery, increases the risk of complications, increases hospital stay, and healthcare costs [ 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 9 ]. Mismanaged pain has numerous costs for the patients, families, healthcare professionals, healthcare services, and the community [ 9 , 10 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
See 1 more Smart Citation
“…These procedures include blood sampling, endotracheal suctioning, and dressing changes. Surprisingly, most patients (99.3%) suffered an unacceptable intensity of pain (6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11). This results supported by Considine et al (2020).…”
Section: Discussionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Untreated pain can also lead to respiratory disorders like airway obstruction and pneumonia, as well as limited mobility, deep vein thrombosis, chronic pain syndromes, and psychological issues including anxiety, depression, disorientation, and post-traumatic stress disorder. 9 Mechanically ventilated patients and critically ill patients are unable to verbalize their pain because of altered consciousness, being sedated, and being unable to communicate to express their pain, which may be agonizing. As a result, quantifying pain caused by altered awareness, anesthesia, invasive procedures, and artificial ventilation is both a difficult and underappreciated topic.…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%