Pain Assessment in Chinese Parkinson’s Disease Patients Using King’s Parkinson’s Disease Pain Scale

Abstract

Purpose To assess Parkinson’s disease (PD)-related pain using the Chinese translation of King’s Parkinson’s disease Pain Scale (KPPS). Patients and Methods A cohort of 200 patients with primary PD was recruited for this study. Their demographic and clinical features, including age, disease duration, levodopa equivalent daily dose (LEDD), and scores on the Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale-III (UPDRS III), Hoehn-Yahr Scale (H&Y), Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Activities of Daily Living Scale (ADL), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAMA), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) and KPPS, were recorded. Results The prevalence of PD-related pain was 44.5%. Among the patients with PD-related pain, the average KPPS score was 41.2 ± 26.8. Pain was most commonly located in the lower limbs (60.7%), upper limbs (22.5%) and waist (21.3%). The most common pain type was musculoskeletal pain (68.5%). Compared with the PD group without pain, the PD group with pain had a longer disease duration ( p = 0.022), higher LEDD ( p = 0.008), higher UPDRSIII score ( p = 0.018), higher H&Y stage ( p = 0.003), higher HAMD score ( p < 0.001), higher HAMA score ( p < 0.001), lower ADL score ( p = 0.046) and higher PSQI score ( p < 0.001). PD-related pain was correlated with the H&Y stage and the PSQI score ( p < 0.05). Cut-off points of 0, 34, and 70 were obtained to discriminate pain severity levels between no pain, mild, moderate, and severe pain, respectively. Conclusion Chinese version of KPPS is not only an easy tool for characterization and scoring of pain in PD patients but also has the ability to distinguish between different levels of pain severity.

The Swedish King’s Parkinson’s disease Pain Scale: Validation and pain prevalence in persons with mild-moderate severity Parkinson’s disease

“…pain experienced in the last month) of participants in the current study experiencing 1 or more types of pain was 57%. Data from India (using the KPPS – Indian version) and China (using the KPPS – Chinese version) suggest lower prevalence rates, at 52% and 44.5%, respectively, than found in the current study ( 22 , 24 ). However, the period-prevalence in the current study was lower than in other regional studies: 79.6% in Bulgarian patients and 88.6% in Mexico City patients ( 23 , 26 ).…”

“…Pain intensity, according to the KPPS – Swedish version, was a mean (standard deviation; SD) of 7.84 (12.8) out of a possible 168, which is lower than reported for the KPPS – Chinese version ( 24 ) with a mean (SD) score of 41.2 (26.8), KPPS – Bulgarian version ( 26 ) with a mean score of 21.1 (17.3), and the KPPS – Indian version ( 22 ) with a mean score of 16.02 (10.57). The period-prevalence (i.e.…”

“…The current study further found confirmation of unidimensional pain assessment of the KPPS – Swedish version, as poor correlation was found between the latter measure and Mini-BESTest, measuring the construct dynamic gait, as well as between the KPPS – Swedish version and Walk-12G, which assesses perceived walking ability. In contrast, literature is available to support moderate correlations between the KPPS (original English and translated versions) and other non-pain measures, including Hoehn and Yahn disease severity, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale, Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale, Pittsburg’s Sleep Quality Scale, and activities of daily living ( 23 , 24 ). Authors allude to the pain experience in PD being related to the motor symptomatology of PD, which is integrally linked to the disease stages.…”

“…Authors allude to the pain experience in PD being related to the motor symptomatology of PD, which is integrally linked to the disease stages. For this reason, pain appears to be linked not only to motor symptoms, but also to non-motor symptoms, including mental health and sleep hygiene, which appear to affect those in the later stages of the disease progression ( 24 , 25 ). This was not evident in the current study, as the included cohort was more homogenous with respect to disease severity.…”

Pain Characteristics of Parkinson’s Disease Using Validated Arabic Versions of the King’s Parkinson’s Disease Pain Scale and Questionnaire: A Multicenter Egyptian Study

“…[10] Using KPPS, several studies have described the prevalence, severity, and frequency of pain in PD alongside its correlates, but did not represent different populations. Moreover, these studies showed variable frequency and determinants of pain in different countries and ethnicities [11] [5, [11][12][13][14].…”