Pain Assessment Using Self-reported, Nurse-reported, and Observational Pain Assessment Tools among Older Individuals with Cognitive Impairment

Conceptual and operational definitions of the components of the nursing diagnosis Acute Pain (00132)

“…Regarding language, ten studies were in English 20 - 21 , 23 , 25 - 26 , 30 - 31 , 33 - 35 , four in Portuguese 24 , 28 - 29 , 32 and two in Spanish 22 , 27 . Six studies were conducted in Brazil, two in Germany and Canada and the others in China, Colombia, South Korea, the Netherlands, Italy and Malaysia.…”

“…Regarding pain assessment, the verbal report of the patient, without the use of an appropriate instrument 35 , and proxy reports 26 were used. In addition, several self-report instruments were used, such as the visual numeric scale 20 , 23 , 25 , 28 - 29 , the analog scale 30 , 32 and the McGill Pain Questionnaire 29 .…”

“…In addition, several self-report instruments were used, such as the visual numeric scale 20 , 23 , 25 , 28 - 29 , the analog scale 30 , 32 and the McGill Pain Questionnaire 29 . Some specific instruments were also used to assess pain in the articles selected: the PAINAD (Pain Assessment in Advanced Dementia) 26 was used for patients with dementia, the FLACC (Faces, Legs, Activity, Cry, and Consolability) 21 , the CHIPP (Children’s and Infants’ Postoperative Pain) 21 and the CHEOP (Children’s Hospital of Eastern Ontario Pain) 21 for children and PBAT (Pain Behavior Assessment Tool) 34 and CPOT (Critical-Care Pain Observation Tool) 27 , 34 , both observational tools, were used for patients who couldn’t communicate.…”

“…The evidence levels 12 varied between level III (evidence from well-designed controlled trials without randomization) 23 , level IV (evidence from cohort or case-control studies) 15 - 16 , 18 , 22 , 27 - 28 , level V (evidence from systematic review of descriptive and qualitative studies) 20 , 23 ) and level VI (evidence from a single descriptive or qualitative study) 13 - 14 , 17 , 19 , 21 , 25 - 26 .…”

“…Proxy report of pain behavior/activity change (e.g., family member, caregiver) - Conceptual definition: Exposition, description or narration 13 of a caregiver, family member or member from the health team familiar with the behavior of the person, about a change in their behavior 26 that could indicate the presence of pain; Operational definition: Identified through the verbal report of caregiver, family member or health team member about changes perceived in the behavior of the individual (pain faces, body position, appetite change).…”