Pain in 4- to 6-Year-Old Children Receiving Intramuscular Injections: A Comparison of the Faces Pain Scale with Other Self-Report and Behavioral Measures

Goodenough, Belinda; Addicoat, Louise; Champion, G. David; McInerney, Marita; Young, Bev; Juniper, K.H.; Ziegler, John B.

doi:10.1097/00002508-199703000-00009

Cited by 121 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…We also used the Pain-O-Meter because even younger children who may not be able to cope with numerical symbols understand the concepts of more/less and higher/ lower and can apply them to facial representations. 1,8,9 The major finding of the study was the statistically significantly greater pain relief on both days 2 and 3 of treatment in the patients who were given ear drops alone than in the patients who were given ear drops and antibiotics. Nevertheless, all of the variables in our study model explained only 22% of the reduction in pain and suggested that the remaining relief may be accounted for by the passage of time alone.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Naturopathic Treatment for Ear Pain in Children

2003

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ABSTRACT.Objective. Otitis media is 1 of the most frequent diseases of early infancy and childhood and 1 of the most common reasons for children to visit a physician. In the past 2 decades, there has been a substantial increase in the diagnosis of otitis media worldwide. In the United States, 93% of all children have had at least 1 episode of acute otitis media (AOM) by 7 years of age. Otalgia is the hallmark of AOM. Most affected children either complain of earache or manifest behavior that the parents interpret as indicating ear pain. Treatment of the ear pain early in the course of AOM decreases both parental anxiety and the child's discomfort and accelerates the healing process. The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy and tolerability of naturopathic versus traditional treatment for the management of otalgia commonly associated with AOM in children.Methods. The study was designed as a double-blind trial in an outpatient community clinic. A total of 171 children who were aged 5 to 18 years and had otalgia and clinical findings associated with middle-ear infection were studied. The children were randomly assigned to receive treatment with Naturopathic Herbal Extract Ear Drops (NHED) or anesthetic ear drops, with or without amoxicillin. On enrollment, the children were assigned by computer-numbered randomization to receive NHED (contents: allium sativum, verbascum thapsus, calendula flores, hypericum perfoliatum, lavender, and vitamin E in olive oil) 5 drops 3 times daily, alone (group A) or together with a topical anesthetic (amethocaine and phenazone in glycerin) 5 drops 3 times daily (group B), or oral amoxicillin 80 mg/kg/d (maximum 500 mg/dose) divided into 3 doses with either NHED 5 drops 3 times daily (group C) or topical anesthetic 5 drops 3 times daily (group D). A double-blind design was used, and all ear drops were placed in identical bottles. Treatment was initiated by the nurse in all cases. A single physician (M.S.) evaluated and treated all of the patients included in the study and recorded all of the data. The presence or absence of ear pain was assessed over 3 days with a visual analog scale. Ear pain was assessed by a specially devised observational instrument based on previous reports. One side of the instrument consisted of a linear numbered scale, from 1 (no pain) to 10 (worst possible pain), and a corresponding color scale, ranging from blue to dark red. The reverse side contained a scale of 5 facial expressions, ranging from broad smile (no pain) to a sad and crying face (worst possible pain), and a corresponding color scale, ranging from blue to dark red.Results. There were no significant between-group differences in patient age or gender, degree of fever, main symptoms, associated symptoms, and severity or laterality of acute otitis media. Each group had a statistically significant improvement in ear pain over the course of the 3 days. Patients who were given ear drops alone had a better response than patients who were given ear drops together with amoxicillin. Results...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 88%

Naturopathic Treatment for Ear Pain in Children

2003

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“…The age of the children and the nature of the disorder make it difficult to measure the pain thresh- Table 1 Frequency distribution of pain reactivities determined from the structured interview with parents, by study group old. A communication disorder does not allow for checklist and self-reporting measures [13]. The abnormal reaction to body contact precludes using standardized situations, such as intramuscular injections or venipuncture for medical purposes [14], because an autistic child can have violent panic attacks just when touched.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The abnormal reaction to body contact precludes using standardized situations, such as intramuscular injections or venipuncture for medical purposes [14], because an autistic child can have violent panic attacks just when touched. Furthermore, the faces pain scale [13,15] is useless because a child with autistic disorder typically shows poor modulation of the emotions with inappropriate body expressions. In spite of these methodological limitations, abnormal pain reactivity is an interesting feature because it may represent the clinical expression of neurochemical dysfunctions reported in autism.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pain reactivity in children with autistic disorder

Militerni¹,

Bravaccio²,

Falco³

et al. 2000

J Headache Pain

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Abnormal pain reactivity is often reported by the parents of children with autistic disorder (AD). This is an interesting feature because it could be related to some neurochemical findings frequently reported in autism. The aim of the present study is to report the preliminary findings about pain reactivity in children with autism, and to relate them to serotoninemia. We studied 77 subjects with “primary” AD. Reports of each child's pain reactivity were obtained through a structured interview with the child's parent. In 44 of the 77 children, serotonin blood levels were measured. We found an abnormal pain reactivity in children with autistic disorder when compared with non-autistic children, matched for age, sex, and socio-economic level. The pain reactivity showed a significant correlation with the serotoninemia levels. The data obtained by the present study are interesting, although they must be considered with careful attention, both for the sample size and for methodological difficulties. In fact, in studying this disorder, only the parents' insight can be of help

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“…Moreover, the caregivers could judge the pain facial expression more salient and consistent than cry [15]- [17]. The facial expression of pain is unique and different from the six basic emotions [14] which are widely accepted by psychologists.…”

Section: Related Workmentioning

confidence: 99%

Infants' Pain Recognition Based on Facial Expression: Dynamic Hybrid Descriptions

Zhi

Goldgof

Ashmeade

et al. 2018

IEICE Trans. Inf. & Syst.

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SUMMARYThe accurate assessment of infants' pain is important for understanding their medical conditions and developing suitable treatment. Pediatric studies reported that the inadequate treatment of infants' pain might cause various neuroanatomical and psychological problems. The fact that infants can not communicate verbally motivates increasing interests to develop automatic pain assessment system that provides continuous and accurate pain assessment. In this paper, we propose a new set of pain facial activity features to describe the infants' facial expression of pain. Both dynamic facial texture feature and dynamic geometric feature are extracted from video sequences and utilized to classify facial expression of infants as pain or no pain. For the dynamic analysis of facial expression, we construct spatiotemporal domain representation for texture features and time series representation (i.e. time series of frame-level features) for geometric features. Multiple facial features are combined through both feature fusion and decision fusion schemes to evaluate their effectiveness in infants' pain assessment. Experiments are conducted on the video acquired from NICU infants, and the best accuracy of the proposed pain assessment approaches is 95.6%. Moreover, we find that although decision fusion does not perform better than that of feature fusion, the False Negative Rate of decision fusion (6.2%) is much lower than that of feature fusion (25%). key words: infants pain assessment, temporal geometric descriptor, LBP-TOP, decision fusion, video analysis

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Pain in 4- to 6-Year-Old Children Receiving Intramuscular Injections: A Comparison of the Faces Pain Scale with Other Self-Report and Behavioral Measures

Cited by 121 publications

References 23 publications

Naturopathic Treatment for Ear Pain in Children

Naturopathic Treatment for Ear Pain in Children

Pain reactivity in children with autistic disorder

Infants' Pain Recognition Based on Facial Expression: Dynamic Hybrid Descriptions

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