Pain Management for Farm Animals

Lin, Hui‐Yi

doi:10.1002/9781119672661.ch10

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 154 publications

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“…Evaluation of pain in ruminants is challenging as they are stoic by nature and conceal pain behaviours 21 . Pain assessment tools classically employed for the identification of acute pain in ruminants include observation of posture, movement, abnormal behaviours, palpation of the wound, listening for specific pain‐related sounds and assessment of clinical parameters (heart and respiratory rates, mental status and rectal temperature) 2 . Heart rate is considered an objective measurement of pain in calves, being significantly increased in animals experiencing pain 8 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Levomethadone is a pure mu‐opioid agonist and is used following the same principle, but is only available in a few countries. Butorphanol is a kappa‐opioid receptor agonist and mu antagonist that has a relatively poor analgesic effect in cattle for invasive procedures 1 and can cause slight central nervous system stimulation in farm animal species, with muscle twitching, tremor and compulsive walking 2 . In addition, butorphanol produces a delay in the gastrointestinal transit time even in healthy patients, as demonstrated in horses by Elfenbein et al 3 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Repeated ultrasound‐guided saphenous and sciatic nerve block in a calf with tibial comminuted fracture undergoing surgical stabilisation

Ríos‐Álvarez

Serra

Mateo

2022

Vet Record Case Reports

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A 4‐day‐old, 32 kg, male wagyu calf presented with a comminuted diaphyseal fracture of the right tibia for surgical stabilisation. The calf was premedicated with butorphanol, anaesthesia induced with ketamine, the trachea was intubated and continuous mandatory ventilation was initiated during surgery. Maintenance was with isoflurane carried in oxygen and medical air mixture. Ultrasound‐guided blocks of the sciatic and saphenous nerves were performed with lidocaine 2% before and after surgery. Rescue analgesia was not required intra‐ or postoperatively, as heart and respiratory rate remained within the normal limits. Meloxicam was the only drug administered during the postoperative period. Two days after surgery, the ultrasound‐guided block was repeated under general anaesthesia to allow the removal of an intramedullary nail and fibreglass cast placement. This case report highlights the feasibility and repeatability of ultrasound‐guided blocks of the sciatic and saphenous nerve in a neonatal calf, avoiding side effects associated with systemic opioid administration.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Repeated ultrasound‐guided saphenous and sciatic nerve block in a calf with tibial comminuted fracture undergoing surgical stabilisation

Ríos‐Álvarez

Serra

Mateo

2022

Vet Record Case Reports

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“…The search strategy was intentionally limited to the use of target words and did not include all known synonyms. While this prevented a higher number of inappropriate or irrelevant results, it may have missed some research-only publications and did miss some of the known textbooks or online formularies which may have listed additional drugs and/or drug regimens [98][99][100].…”

Section: Limitationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An Exploration of Analgesia Options for Australian Sheep

Cohen,

Foss,

Beths

et al. 2024

Animals

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During their lifetime, sheep undergo many painful husbandry and disease processes. Procedures undertaken on the farm, such as tail docking, castration, and mulesing, all cause considerable pain. In addition, sheep may experience painful diseases and injuries that require treatment by veterinary practitioners, and in biomedical research, sheep may undergo painful experimental procedures or conditions. It is important due to ethics, animal welfare, social licence, and, at times, legal requirements for farmers, veterinary practitioners, and researchers to provide pain relief for animals in their care. While there is a heightened awareness of and a greater interest in animal welfare, there remain few licensed and known analgesia options for sheep within Australia. A literature review was undertaken to identify currently known and potential future options for analgesic agents in sheep in farm and biomedical settings. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatories, opioids, local anaesthetics, α2 adrenoreceptor agonists, and NMDA receptor antagonists are some of the more common classes of analgesic drugs referred to in the literature, but few drugs are registered for use in sheep, with even fewer proven to be effective. Only six analgesic product formulations, namely, lignocaine (e.g., Numocaine®), Tri-Solfen®, ketamine, xylazine, and meloxicam (oral transmucosal and injectable formulations), are currently registered in Australia and known to be efficacious in some types of painful conditions in sheep. The gap in knowledge and availability of analgesia in sheep can pose risks to animal welfare, social licence, and research outcomes. This article presents a summary of analgesic agents that have been used in sheep on farms and in clinical veterinary and biomedical research settings along with details on whether their efficacy was assessed, doses, routes of administration, indication for use, and pain assessment techniques (if any) used. The outcome of this research highlights the challenges, gaps, and opportunities for better analgesia options in sheep.

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Pain pathophysiology and pharmacology of cattle: how improved understanding can enhance pain prevention, mitigation, and welfare

Zoltick,

Mann,

Coetzee

2024

Front. Pain Res.

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Globally, humans rely on cattle for food production; however, there is rising societal concern surrounding the welfare of farm animals. From a young age, cattle raised for dairy and beef production experience pain caused by routine management procedures and common disease conditions. The fundamental mechanisms, nociceptive pathways, and central nervous system structures required for pain perception are highly conserved among mammalian species. However, there are limitations to a comparative approach to pain assessment due to interspecies differences in the expression of pain. The stoicism of prey species may impede pain identification and lead to the assumption that cattle lack pain sensitivity. This highlights the importance of establishing validated bovine-specific indicators of pain—a prerequisite for evidence-based pain assessment and mitigation. Our first objective is to provide an overview of pain pathophysiology to illustrate the importance of targeted analgesia in livestock medicine and the negative welfare outcomes associated with unmitigated pain. This is followed by a review of available analgesics, the regulations governing their use, and barriers to implementation of on-farm pain management. We then investigate the current research undertaken to evaluate the pain response in cattle—a critical aspect of the drug approval process. With an emphasis on emerging research in animal cognition and pain pathology, we conclude by discussing the significant influence that pain has on cattle welfare and areas where further research and modified practices are indicated.

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Pain Management for Farm Animals

Cited by 3 publications

References 154 publications

Repeated ultrasound‐guided saphenous and sciatic nerve block in a calf with tibial comminuted fracture undergoing surgical stabilisation

Repeated ultrasound‐guided saphenous and sciatic nerve block in a calf with tibial comminuted fracture undergoing surgical stabilisation

An Exploration of Analgesia Options for Australian Sheep

Pain pathophysiology and pharmacology of cattle: how improved understanding can enhance pain prevention, mitigation, and welfare

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