“…Of those studies that used a framework ( n = 39, 58.2%), examples include Black feminist thought and critical arts-based inquiry, 35 participatory action research, 55 Gadamerian philosophical hermeneutics, 36 two nested hierarchical models (Bronfenbrenner’s bioecological model and social ecological model), 16 the National Institute on Aging Health Disparities Research Framework, 31 Newman’s theory, 48 the sociology of illness experience, 60 Rhodes’ risk environment framework, 61 Bronfenbrenner’s process–person–context–time model, 46 Neuman’s systems model, 62 the life course perspective, 45 and the biopsychosocial model. 28 , 30 , 32 , 43 , 63 , 64 We noted that studies that drew on theory offered more fulsome understandings of and approaches to marginalization, which sheds light on the structures underpinning aspects of chronic pain experiences among marginalized groups. For example, through the lens of Black feminist thought, Anthym 35 (p18) powerfully illuminates “the interlocking oppressions of race, gender, and class experienced by Black women” while “center[ing] alternative sources of knowledge, as well as alternative methods of knowledge validation.” Nevertheless, only a minority of studies clearly offered a theoretical view of the processes of marginalization.…”