Pain, Suffering, and Humiliation: The Systemization of Violence in Kidnapping for Ransom

Phillips, Everard M.

doi:10.1080/10926771.2011.626512

Cited by 19 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 30 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…This did occur on classification; while the majority specialized toward a particular theme of behaving toward their hostage, more than a third of the groups classified used a range of tactics to coerce their hostage, and this is an important finding (see Phillips, 2011). This did occur on classification; while the majority specialized toward a particular theme of behaving toward their hostage, more than a third of the groups classified used a range of tactics to coerce their hostage, and this is an important finding (see Phillips, 2011).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…As in Phillips (2011), violence toward the hostage appeared to be an inevitable occurrence in a kidnapping for ransom. In addressing the first aim of this study, the findings suggest that while torture is a central process to the control and confinement of a kidnap victim, how kidnappers treat their hostage can be differentiated according to the criminal or radical ideology of the group.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…More recent studies such as Phillips (2011) have aimed to address some methodological issues in understanding how kidnappers attempt to coerce or manipulate their hostage during captivity. He investigated 181 kidnappings from 32 countries and found that kidnappers varied their behavior between (a) physical violence, distinguishable between using knives or burning their hostage with hot implements, and (b) psychological coercion, distinguishable by psychological torture or rewards systems.…”

Section: Exploring the Variances In How Hostages Are Treated In Captimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…He defined two of these tactics as Terror, in which kidnappers used violence (or torture) to terrorize the hostage; and Pain, a tactic focused solely on inflicting pain or punishment. The model itself identifies the four tactics commonly employed by the kidnappers to coerce their hostage (see Phillips, 2011 for an explanation of actions). Each of these tactics was characterized by specific actions toward a hostage.…”

Section: Exploring the Variances In How Hostages Are Treated In Captimentioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

The Social Organization of Violence Toward Hostages

Phillips

2013

J Interpers Violence

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

It is questionable whether violence toward a hostage varies according to criminal or radical orientation of their kidnappers who hold them for ransom. This notion is important because it relates to the assumption that how the hostage is treated may indicate whether the victim may survive the ordeal. To investigate, 181 kidnappings cases were cross-tabulated with four previously identified violent tactics (inflicting pain, terror, psychological torture, and reward tactics) and three distinctive type of kidnappers (common criminal, organized criminal, and radical/terrorist groups). The results indicated that criminal groups tended to use a range of violent tactics to coerce a hostage in captivity, while radical groups more often specialized in psychological torture. Regardless of these observations, specific forms of violence, for example inflicting pain, provided a better indication of whether the hostage would be killed by his or her kidnappers. This suggests that the intensity of violence and not the type of group conducting the kidnapping indicates whether the hostage will be killed. The implications to the social organization of kidnapping groups are discussed further.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Exploring the Variances In How Hostages Are Treated In Captimentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Exploring the Variances In How Hostages Are Treated In Captimentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

The Social Organization of Violence Toward Hostages

Phillips

2013

J Interpers Violence

Self Cite

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…For example, violence inflicted on hostages during incidents is potentially more common in highly emotive situations, such as those involving suicide attempts and/or occurring as part of domestic incidents (Yokota et al, 2004). Offender characteristics, such as mental illness and drug use, were also significant perpetrator aspects for inflicting violence upon hostages (Mailloux & Serin, 2003), where low risk aspects included making demands for money, food, or ensuring a means to escape (Phillips, 2011). Hostage taking was also most commonly conducted by those with an anti-social personality disorder (Mailloux & Serin, 2003;Williams, 1995), those with a prior history of violence (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Examining the functions of prison critical incidents: a preliminary qualitative analysis of public reporting

Hughes

Ireland

2018

JCRPP

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Purpose: The current study explored the function of crisis incidents in prisons within the UK and US. The incidents reviewed included riots and hostage-incidents, focusing only on information that was available publically. It did not intend to capture official reports not in the public domain.Design/methodology/approach: Publically available information on incidents were systematically reviewed. Functional assessment and grounded theory were employed to examine background factors, triggers and maintaining factors. Twenty-five crisis incidents were analysed (UK = 10 and US = 15) from the past 30 years. It was predicted that crisis incidents would be motivated by negative and positive reinforcement, with negative more evidenced than positive. Precipitating factors (i.e. triggers) were predicted to include negative emotions, such as frustration and anger.Findings: Similarities in triggers and background factors were noted between hostage taking and riot incidents. Positive reinforcement was primarily indicated. Riots appeared driven by a need to communicate, to secure power, rights, control and/or freedom whereas for hostage taking these functions extended to capture the removal of negative emotions, to inflict pain, to punish/gain revenge, to effect a release, to manage boredom, and to promote positive emotions. Research limitations/implications:The study is preliminary and focused on the reporting of incidents in publically available sources; consequently, the data is secondary in nature and further limited by sample size. Nevertheless, it highlights evidence for similarities between types of crisis incidents but also some important potential differences. The need to understand the protective factors preventing incidents and minimising harm during incidents is recommended.Originality/value: This is an under-researched area. The study contributes to the field not only by focusing on providing a detailed analysis of an under-used source (public reporting) but by also identifying where gaps in research remain. The results demonstrate the value in understanding incidents through their motivation, particularly in distinguishing between negative and positive reinforcement.

show abstract

Healing Humiliation: From Reaction to Creative Action

Hartling¹,

Lindner²

2016

Jour of Counseling & Develop

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

In the midst of global crises, feelings of humiliation are intensified (Lindner, ; Moïsi, ). Counselors are often on the front lines of suffering during turbulent times. This article explores how the dynamics of humiliation are coming to the forefront of concern around the globe. Applying a relational framework, the authors examine the impact of humiliation, offering a case example that illustrates how counselors can lead their clients out of destructive reactions into creative action.

show abstract

Pain, Suffering, and Humiliation: The Systemization of Violence in Kidnapping for Ransom

Cited by 19 publications

References 30 publications

The Social Organization of Violence Toward Hostages

The Social Organization of Violence Toward Hostages

Examining the functions of prison critical incidents: a preliminary qualitative analysis of public reporting

Healing Humiliation: From Reaction to Creative Action

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About