Pain Tolerance and Athletic Participation

Ryan, E. Dean; Kovacic, Charles R.

doi:10.2466/pms.1966.22.2.383

Cited by 90 publications

(61 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Such findings suggest that chronic exercise may lead to increases in endogenous opioid peptides that persist long after exercise ends. This explanation would account for the present findings, and would explain the elevated pain tolerances commonly reported in conditioned athletes (Ryan and Kovacic 1966;Scott and Gijsbers 1981).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Sensitivity to the effects of opioids in rats with free access to exercise wheels: �-opioid tolerance and physical dependence

Smith

Yancey

2003

Psychopharmacology

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 66%

Sensitivity to the effects of opioids in rats with free access to exercise wheels: �-opioid tolerance and physical dependence

Smith

Yancey

2003

Psychopharmacology

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“…While several studies have reported that athletes demonstrate higher pain tolerance than nonathletes (e.g. Ryan and Kovacic, 1966;Walker, 1971), other research suggests that the two groups do not differ significantly (e.g. Ellison and Freischlag, 1975;Egan, 1988).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Ryan and Kovacic, 1966;Walker, 1971). Therefore, it was hypothesized that exercise would interact with fitness levels, such that exercise would not greatly increase the pain tolerance or decrease the pain perception of individuals who are very fit, while significantly increasing the pain tolerance and decreasing the pain perception of less fit males.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Exercise‐induced analgesia and the role of reactivity in pain sensitivity

Gurevich

Kohn

Davis

1994

Journal of Sports Sciences

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The present study was designed to evaluate whether pain perception and pain tolerance are altered by submaximal aerobic exercise. Sixty male volunteers were randomly assigned to one of two control or experimental groups in the first of two sessions. In session 1, baseline measures of pain tolerance and pain perception were obtained for half of the subjects in each of the experimental and control groups, respectively. In addition, all subjects completed the Reactivity Scale, followed by estimation of their maximum aerobic power (VO2 max) using the Canadian Home Fitness Test. In session 2, the subjects in the two experimental groups exercised for 12 min by climbing a double step to pre-recorded musical cadences, working on average at 63% VO2 max, whereas the subjects in the two control groups spent approximately 12 min completing two short unrelated questionnaires. Measures of pain tolerance and pain perception were obtained from all subjects after exercising or completing questionnaires. Pain tolerance was assessed by the amount of time (up to 10 min) that subjects could voluntarily endure a 2300 g pressure to the index finger of their dominant hand. Pain perception was defined by participants' intensity ratings on an 11-point scale, made at 30 and 60 s. The results showed that reactivity and exercise were significant predictors of pain tolerance, together accounting for approximately 22% of the variance. The finding that submaximal workloads produce analgesia supports the potential usefulness of exercise in therapeutic intervention.

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“…Endogenous opioids, in turn, have been shown to reduce V E (15, 27) for a given workload, thereby diminishing respiratory discomfort. Similarly, these endogenous opioids would also diminish discomfort originating from exercising muscles (18,19).Although a small number of investigations have assessed the role of opioid blockade on maximum exercise capacity (5,12,20,22), the effect in healthy subjects has not been thoroughly defined. To assess the possible impact of endogenous opioids on effort perception in determining maximum exercise capacity, we assessed the effects of a large dose of naloxone, a competitive opioid antagonist, on maximum exercise capacity and cardiopulmonary and metabolic parameters of exercise in a group of self-trained endurance athletes.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of naloxone on perceived exertion and exercise capacity during maximal cycle ergometry

Sgherza

Axen

Fain

et al. 2002

Journal of Applied Physiology

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ç ois Haas. Effect of naloxone on perceived exertion and exercise capacity during maximal cycle ergometry. J Appl Physiol 93: 2023-2028, 2002. First published August 23, 2002 10.1152/japplphysiol.00521.2002We assessed the effects of naloxone, an opioid antagonist, on exercise capacity in 13 men and 5 women (mean age ϭ 30.1 yr, range ϭ 21-35 yr) during a 25 W/min incremental cycle ergometer test to exhaustion on different days during familiarization trial and then after 30 mg (iv bolus) of naloxone or placebo (Pl) in a double-blind, crossover design. Minute ventilation (V E), O2 consumption (V O2), CO2 production, and heart rate (HR) were monitored. Perceived exertion rating (0-10 scale) and venous samples for lactate were obtained each minute. Lactate and ventilatory thresholds were derived from lactate and gas-exchange data. Blood pressure was obtained before exercise, 5 min postinfusion, at maximum exercise, and 5 min postexercise. There were no control-Pl differences. The naloxone trial demonstrated decreased exercise time (96% Pl; P Ͻ 0.01), total cumulative work (96% Pl; P Ͻ 0.002), peak V O2 (94% Pl; P Ͻ 0.02), and HR (96% Pl; P Ͻ 0.01). Other variables were unchanged. HR and V E were the same at the final common workload, but perceived exertion was higher (8.1 Ϯ 0.5 vs. 7.1 Ϯ 0.5) after naloxone than Pl (P Ͻ 0.01). The threshold for effort perception amplification occurred at ϳ60 Ϯ 4% of Pl peak V O2. Thus we conclude that peak work capacity was limited by perceived exertion, which can be attenuated by endogenous opioids rather than by physiological limits. peak oxygen consumption; lactate threshold; endogenous opioids; physiological fatigue THE DISCOMFORT ASSOCIATED with skeletal muscle activity and/or with increased breathing during exercise in healthy fit people may determine when the exercise is terminated (8, 9). Surbey et al. (22) have speculated that effort sensation, in turn, may be modulated by endogenous opioid release.The ventilatory component of discomfort is due, in part, to the disproportionate increase in minute ventilation (V E) relative to the increase in workload, which results from stimulation by H ϩ and CO 2 formed during buffering of lactic acid released during high levels of exercise (24, 25). The ventilatory threshold (VT) denotes the work rate at which this disproportionate increase occurs. Robertson (16) speculated that during high-intensity, continuous exercise above VT, discomfort becomes a limiting factor. This level of work has also been associated with endogenous opioid release (23). Endogenous opioids, in turn, have been shown to reduce V E (15, 27) for a given workload, thereby diminishing respiratory discomfort. Similarly, these endogenous opioids would also diminish discomfort originating from exercising muscles (18,19).Although a small number of investigations have assessed the role of opioid blockade on maximum exercise capacity (5,12,20,22), the effect in healthy subjects has not been thoroughly defined. To assess the possible impact of endogenous opioids on effort pe...

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Pain Tolerance and Athletic Participation

Cited by 90 publications

References 10 publications

Sensitivity to the effects of opioids in rats with free access to exercise wheels: �-opioid tolerance and physical dependence

Sensitivity to the effects of opioids in rats with free access to exercise wheels: �-opioid tolerance and physical dependence

Exercise‐induced analgesia and the role of reactivity in pain sensitivity

Effect of naloxone on perceived exertion and exercise capacity during maximal cycle ergometry

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