Pain Trends Among American Adults, 2002–2018: Patterns, Disparities, and Correlates

Zajacova, Anna; Grol-Prokopczyk, Hanna; Zimmer, Zachary

doi:10.1215/00703370-8977691

Cited by 134 publications

(103 citation statements)

References 91 publications

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“…Finally, we attend to the fact that the analyses above include all ages 18 and older. Age has a major impact on pain levels [16], as well as the distribution of most pain covariates [55].…”

Section: Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond Black vs White: Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Chronic Pain including Hispanic, Asian, Native American, and Multiracial U.S. Adults

Zajacova

Grol-Prokopczyk

Fillingim

2021

Preprint

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Previous literature on race/ethnicity and pain has rarely included all major U.S. racial groups or examined the sensitivity of findings to different pain operationalizations. Using data from the 2010-2018 National Health Interview Surveys on adults 18+ (N=273,972), we calculate the weighted prevalence of six definitions of pain to provide a detailed description of chronic pain in White, Black, Hispanic, Asian, Native American, and multiracial groups. We also estimate logistic models to obtain relative disparities, including net of demographic and socioeconomic (SES) factors; finally, we calculate average predicted probabilities to show prevalence disparities in absolute terms. We find that Asian Americans have the lowest pain prevalence across all pain definitions or model specifications. In contrast, Native American and multiracial adults have the highest pain prevalence. This pain excess is due to the lower SES among Native Americans but remains significant and unexplained among multiracial adults. Whites, Blacks, and Hispanics fall in between. In this trio, Hispanics have the lowest prevalence, an advantage not attributable to immigrant status or SES. While most prior research focused on Black-White comparisons, these two groups differ relatively little. Blacks report lower prevalence of less severe pain definitions than Whites, but higher prevalence of severe pain. Net of SES, however, Blacks have significantly lower pain across all definitions. Overall, racial disparities are larger than previously recognized once all major racial groups are included, and these disparities are largely consistent across different operationalizations of pain.

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“…Finally, we attend to the fact that the analyses above include all ages 18 and older. Age has a major impact on pain levels [16], as well as the distribution of most pain covariates [55].…”

Section: Approachmentioning

confidence: 99%

Beyond Black vs White: Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Chronic Pain including Hispanic, Asian, Native American, and Multiracial U.S. Adults

Zajacova

Grol-Prokopczyk

Fillingim

2021

Preprint

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“…NASEM (2021) reviewed several studies that found rising levels of pain in the US. These include our 2015 paper, which documented increases in a range of specific pains (listed in the introduction), as well as Nahin et al (2019) who used the Medical Expenditure Panel Survey (MEPS) to find that the proportion of adults reporting painful health conditions increased from 32.9 percent in 1997-98 to 41.0 percent in 2013-14, andZajacova et al (2021) who find "a large escalation in pain prevalence among adults" (NASEM, 2021(NASEM, , p. 254) from 1997(NASEM, -98 to 2013 in the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Zimmer & Zajacova (2020) also document "the increasing pain prevalence in older Americans" from 1992 to 2014 in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS).…”

Section: Rising Despair Rising Pain and Deteriorating Mental Healthmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Great Divide: Education, Despair and Death

Case¹,

Deaton²

2021

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“…The finding that this boom is unbalanced has relevant implications. First, people with less education have poorer health and fewer financial resources, and cycling could help with both, but the opposite is taking place, because the educational gap in cycling is large and increasing (Hendi, 2017;Mäki, Martikainen, Eikemo, Menvielle, & Lundberg, 2013;Zajacova, Grol-Prokopczyk, & Zimmer, 2021).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The unequal cycling boom in Germany

Hudde¹

2021

Preprint

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Over the last two decades, cycling in Germany has increased by more than 40%. This paper analyses how this overall increase is broken down by group, characterised by residence (rural and smaller towns vs. medium-sized and larger cities) and education (high vs. low). It analyses (1) how the composition of the population changes according to these groups, (2) how cycling behaviour develops within these groups, and (3) how the changes in composition and behaviour shape the overall volume of cycling. Data on mobility behaviour comes from the large-scale, representative German Mobility Panel from 1996 to 2018, and the analytical sample covers information on more than 28,000 persons over approximately 730,000 reported trips. Data on changes in population composition comes from the German Socio-Economic Panel. Results show that the increase in cycling is unbalanced and largely a consequence of highly educated people in cities who now cycle twice as much and whose share of the population has doubled. This reveals that the cycling boom is bypassing important parts of the population, which limits the contribution of cycling to sustainability goals. Furthermore, the uneven evolution of cycling amplifies social inequalities in finances and health. Finally, this paper shows that increased cycling comes not only from changing behaviour within groups, but also from altered population composition. The most impactful compositional shift is the increasing level of education, which will likely continue to boost cycling.

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Pain Trends Among American Adults, 2002–2018: Patterns, Disparities, and Correlates

Cited by 134 publications

References 91 publications

Beyond Black vs White: Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Chronic Pain including Hispanic, Asian, Native American, and Multiracial U.S. Adults

Beyond Black vs White: Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Chronic Pain including Hispanic, Asian, Native American, and Multiracial U.S. Adults

The Great Divide: Education, Despair and Death

The unequal cycling boom in Germany

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