Painful procedures

Adcock, Sarah; Tucker, Cassandra B.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-100938-3.00008-5

Cited by 16 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 212 publications

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“…Independently of the production systems, management practices such as castration, tail-docking, dehorning, disbudding, branding, nose ringing, and mulesing (i.e., cutting wool-bearing and wrinkled skin from the perineal region and adjoining hindquarters of sheep) are stressful and painful procedures for animals. Several of these procedures induce acute pain that lasts several hours and is followed by chronic pain which can last more than 48 h (Stafford, 2017;Adcock and Tucker, 2018). As explained before, pain assessment relies mainly on general changes in behavior, as they are sensitive and non-invasive indicators of pain.…”

Section: Painful Husbandry Practicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Welfare in Extensive Production Systems Is Still an Area of Concern

Temple

Manteca

2020

Front. Sustain. Food Syst.

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Traditionally, research on farm animal welfare has mainly been focused on welfare problems thought to be common in intensive systems, whereas the welfare of animals kept in extensive systems has attracted much less attention. This may be due to the generally held belief that extensive systems are advantageous in terms of animal welfare. Although it is undeniable that extensive systems have many benefits in terms of animal welfare, they are by no means free of welfare problems. This review highlights the animal welfare problems that are most likely to be found in extensive systems following the four animal welfare domains of "nutrition," "environment," "health," and "behavior." Extensive environments are highly variable and heterogeneous in terms of climate conditions, food quality, and access to high-quality water, and this can raise serious welfare concerns related to chronic hunger and thirst, and thermal stress. These problems will vary depending on the location and time of year. Some diseases are more likely in extensive systems than in intensive ones and this can be compounded by supervision of animals being more difficult in extensive systems. Several painful husbandry procedures as well as neonatal mortality and predation are other potential welfare issues for animals raised in extensive systems. Finally, infrequent handling and / or potentially aversive handling can impair human-animal relationship and have a negative effect on the welfare of extensive livestock. Detection and monitoring of welfare problems in extensive systems are essential for implementing practical solutions adapted to local challenges. Selecting animals that are adapted to local conditions reduces some of the welfare problems encountered in extensive systems. Practice-led innovations should be undertaken in extensive systems and should support knowledge-exchange strategies with producers.

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Section: Painful Husbandry Practicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Animal Welfare in Extensive Production Systems Is Still an Area of Concern

Temple

Manteca

2020

Front. Sustain. Food Syst.

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“…Cortisol. Cortisol and other measures related to activation of the HPA axis have often been used in studies of affect in cattle, including studies on painful procedures (Adcock and Tucker, 2018). For example, Figure 1.…”

Section: Physiological Responsesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Drugs with known effects on emotional states in humans can be used to study affective states of animals. In cattle, the inclusion of drugs has mostly focused on sedatives (e.g., xylazine), anesthetics (e.g., lidocaine), and analgesics (e.g., meloxicam, ketoprofen) in the study of painful procedures (Adcock and Tucker, 2018). These studies typically rely upon physiological and acute behavioral responses discussed above, and thus may be of limited value for drawing inferences about the felt component of affective states.…”

Section: Pharmacological Interventionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Symposium review: Scientific assessment of affective states in dairy cattle

Ede

Lecorps

Keyserlingk

et al. 2019

Journal of Dairy Science

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Affective states, which refer to feelings or emotions, are a key component of animal welfare, but these are also difficult to assess. Drawing upon a body of theoretical and applied work, we critically review the scientific literature on the assessment of affective states in animals, drawing examples where possible from research on dairy cattle, and highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of scientific methods used to assess affective states in animals. We adopt the "valence/arousal" framework, describing affect as a 2-dimensional space (with valence referring to whether an experience is positive or negative, and arousal referring to the intensity of the experience). We conclude that spontaneous physiological and behavioral responses typically reflect arousal, whereas learned responses can be valuable when investigating valence. We also conclude that the assessment of affective states can be furthered using mood assessments and that the use of drug treatments with known emotional effects in humans can be helpful in the assessment of specific affective states in animals.

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“…The horn-producing cells are destroyed via cauterization, resulting in burn wounds that take 6 to 13 wk to re-epithelialize and are painful to mechanical stimulation throughout that time (Adcock and Tucker, 2018a;Adcock et al, 2019;Casoni et al, 2019). Calves may also experience ongoing pain in the absence of external stimulation during the healing period (Adcock and Tucker, 2018b). Ongoing pain has been assessed using operant behavior; calves will pay a cost to access analgesia 3 wk after disbudding, suggesting that calves experience ongoing pain far longer than previously assumed (Adcock and Tucker, 2020).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is unknown whether these effects persist during the healing period, as spontaneous behavioral changes have only been measured up to 44 h after the procedure (Heinrich et al, 2010). Although most studies find behavioral differences dissipate within the first 24 h, it is possible that pain fluctuates over the course of healing (Adcock and Tucker, 2018b). Indeed, burn pain in humans can worsen unpredictably over time before the wound heals (Summer et al, 2007).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Behavioral changes in calves 11 days after cautery disbudding: Effect of local anesthesia

Adcock

Cruz

Tucker

2020

Journal of Dairy Science

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Hot-iron disbudding results in painful burn wounds that take weeks to heal. Spontaneous behaviors indicative of pain are apparent in the immediate hours after disbudding, but whether they occur later in the healing process is unknown. To evaluate whether ongoing pain was present around the time the necrotic tissue loosens from the scalp, we tested the effect of administration of local anesthetic 11 d after the procedure. Disbudded female Holstein and Jersey calves (n = 24) were randomly assigned to receive an injection of local anesthetic (lidocaine) or saline at the cornual nerve on both sides of the head. We recorded the frequency of 8 behaviors for 75 min: head shakes, head rubs, head scratches, ear flicks, tail flicks, bucks/jumps/kicks, grooming, and transitions between standing and lying. Calves treated with lidocaine shook their heads less and tended to flick their ears less than calves administered saline, consistent with the effects of pain relief previously reported in the immediate hours after disbudding. These calves also rubbed their head against the sides of the pen more often, suggesting lidocaine suppressed wound protective behavior. Head shaking and head scratching became more common in the last 25 min compared with the first 50 min in calves treated with lidocaine, consistent with the return of sensation to the disbudding wounds. No treatment differences in the other behaviors were observed. These results suggest that calves experience ongoing pain 11 d after hot-iron disbudding, adding to a growing body of evidence that pain persists for weeks after the procedure.

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Painful procedures

Cited by 16 publications

References 212 publications

Animal Welfare in Extensive Production Systems Is Still an Area of Concern

Animal Welfare in Extensive Production Systems Is Still an Area of Concern

Symposium review: Scientific assessment of affective states in dairy cattle

Behavioral changes in calves 11 days after cautery disbudding: Effect of local anesthesia

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