Pakistan’ın Kuzey Punjab Eyaletindeki Koyun ve Keçilerde Haemonchus contortus ve Teladorsagia circumcincta’nın Anthelmentiklere Karşı Direncinin Belirlenmesi

Abstract

The present study was conducted to investigate the efficacy of albendazole, levamisole and ivermectin against gastrointestinal nematodes of sheep and goats. One hundred and sixty small ruminants comprised four breeds, sheep (Salt range and Pak Karakul) and goats (Jattal and Beetal) were selected for this experiment. These animals were artificially infected with nematodes (Haemonchus contortus and Teladorsagia circumcincta). FECs were done to confirm the presence of adult stages of H. contortus and T. circumcincta. The selected sheep and goat were divided into four groups. First group was treated with albendazole, second with levamisole, third with ivermectin and fourth kept as untreated to serve as control. Faecal samples were collected on day first prior to administration of treatment followed by day 14 post treatment. The efficacy of each anthelmintic was measured using the faecal egg count reduction test and egg hatch test. The percentage reduction in FECs (95% CI) for albendazole, levamisole and ivermectin for salt range sheep were 88%, 89% and 99%, for Pak karakul sheep, 91%, 90% and 97%, for Jattal goat 91%, 91% and 98%, and for Beetal goat 91%, 92% and 99%. All results showed the presence of multiple anthelmintic resistances in selected sheep and goats flocks. All flocks were found resistance against the albendazol and three were resistance against levamisole. The arithmetic faecal egg count reduction with albendazole, levamisole and ivermectin recorded for H. contortus and T. circumcincta indicated the resistance against albendazole and levamisole and susceptibility of these worms against ivermectin. The results revealed that a significant difference (P<0.05) of FECRT were found on pre-treatment and post-treatment with different anthelmintic drug as compared to control group in all the flocks. The results of egg hatch test indicated that LC 50 were ranged from 0.138 µg/mL to 0.141 µg/mL for four breeds, which were more than 0.1ug/ml of albendazole. Result indicates that resistance was found in the eggs with albendazole. The egg hatch assay also confirmed the result of faecal egg count reduction test. gününde dışkı örnekleri toplandı. Herbir anthelmentiğin etkinliği dışkı yumurta sayımı azalma testi ve yumurta açılımı testi ile belirlendi. Albendazol, levamizol ve ivermektin için dışkı yumurta sayımında % azalma Salt range koyununda sırasıyla %88, %89 ve %99, Pak karakul koyununda %91, %90 ve %97, Jattal keçisinde %91, %91 ve %98, ve Beetal keçisinde %91, %92 ve %99 olarak tespit edildi. Çalışmanın sonuçları seçilen koyun ve keçi sürülerinde anthelmentik direncin mevcut olduğunu göstermiştir. Tüm sürüler albendazola karşı dirençli bulunurken üçü levamizole karşı dirençliydi. H. contortus ve T. circumcincta için albendazol, levamizol ve ivermektin ile tespit edilen aritmetik dışkı yumurta sayımı azalma albendazol ve levamizole karşı direnci gösterirken ivermektine karşı duyarlılığı ortaya koymuştur. Tüm sürülerde kontrol grubu ile karşılaştırıldığında uygulama öncesi ve sonrası arasında dışkı yumur...

In vitro and in vivo anthelmintic activity of extracts from Artemisia parviflora and A. sieversiana

“…Various strategies are in practice to control parasitism which includes pasture management, biological control, dietary management, vaccination and use of anthelmintic drugs (FAO, 2002). Widely and most common practice being followed these days is the use of chemical anthelmintics (Muhammad et al, 2015). The intensive use has posed a variety of problems including emergence of anthelmintic resistance, e.g.…”