Pakistan’s Internal Security Dilemma: Strategic Dimension

Abstract

The paper reflects on Pakistan's complex security situation and the causes of current challenges that Pakistan is facing due to vacillating foreign policies. It also reviews the role of factors that contributed towards the instability of the country. After Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, Pakistan involved in a proxy war and trained Mujahideen to liberate Afghanistan. In 1980's sectarianism floored the state, and since it has rooted in Pakistani society. The country brokered several Post-Soviet peace agreements between different militaristic groups in Afghanistan but in vain. Finally, it recognized Taliban for the cause of peace (though temporary) on its Western border. After 9/11 the country had to reluctantly take a "U" turn on its Afghan policy under immense US pressure. This swing of policy opened a Pandora-box for the country i.e. terrorism, Jihadist, ethnicity, sectarianism, economic and political instability in Pakistan. In this state of affairs corruption, deteriorating law and order situation, political instability and economic fragility, variables of internal security, act as key factors in a peaceful solution of conflicts.

Prospects of using the UFMC technology in 5G / IMT-2020 networks

“…If for the formation of the OFDM symbol in practice it is necessary to perform the IFFT procedure, which takes into account the Hermitian symmetry operations of complex multiplication and complex addition, then for the formation of the UFMC symbol, the IFFT procedures are required in G times larger and, therefore, in G times more calculations. The subsequent convolution of the real output sequence of the IFFT block with the impulse response of the FIR filter of the group of length L requires multiplications and additions [19][20][21][22][23][24]. As well as, it will be necessary to perform operations of adding symbol counts of these groups.…”

Issues and Challenges in Countering Transnational Organized Crimes: Implications on Peace Conditions in Af-Pak Region

“…The failure of the U.S. and Western governments' anti-narcotics policies in Afghanistan has observed a massive increase in opium production from the 2000s. After 9/11, conflicts between military troops and militants had greatly provoked the drug trafficking issue in Afghanistan and created doubts and hurdles in peace and socio-economic development (Sohail, A., Mahwish, B., & Sumbal, H. 2016).…”