Palatability of black soldier fly larvae in valorizing mixed waste coconut endosperm and soybean curd residue into larval lipid and protein sources

Potential Protein and Biodiesel Sources from Black Soldier Fly Larvae: Insights of Larval Harvesting Instar and Fermented Feeding Medium

“…Other diets such as animal manure and fruits and vegetables waste impact the developmental times of BSFL because the diets are lower in protein and energy with high fat content diet, and too much fat causes the BSFL to face difficulties in breaking down the fat during the metamorphosis [24]. From the previous study, the lipid and protein content of BSFL can be boosted with the introduction of protein sources into the feeding medium [41]. With the co-digestion technique of dairy manure topped with soybean curd residue, it was confirmed that nitrogen content reduction was more effective compared to only dairy manure [47].…”

“…Upon handheld reverse mixing, the mixture was filtered through a PTFE filter with a pore size of 0.20 µm before transferring into a GC vial. A sample volume of 1 µL was injected into the column, and FAME content in biodiesel was calculated based on Equation (7) [41].…”

Why for feed and not for human consumption? The black soldier fly larvae

“…BSFL are able to do this as they have a selection of enzymes in their gut that allow them to consume a wide range of substrates, and this ability is useful, as they can reduce agricultural waste streams by feeding on them and converting it into their nutrient dense body mass (de Souza-Vilela et al, 2019). BSFL have demonstrated the ability to feed on substrates ranging from formulated animal feed to "wastes" streams such as human feces, abattoir waste, animal waste, spent grains, and organic waste from crop agriculture (Banks, Gibson, & Cameron, 2014;Barragan-Fonseca et al, 2017;Lim et al, 2019;Tschirner & Simon, 2015;Woods et al, 2019). The female BSF deposits approximately 500 eggs into organic matter and within 4 days the eggs hatch, and over a period of approximately 14 days, the growing larvae rapidly consumes the organic matter that surrounds them (Diclaro & Kaufman, 2009).…”

“…Lauric acid is followed by high concentrations of oleic acid (C18:1n-9), palmitic acid (C16:0), and linoleic acid (C18:2n-6) (Caligiani et al, 2019). The fatty acid profile is the most affected by the feed of the larvae with studies showing that by changing the feed input, the fatty acid profile of the larvae can be manipulated (Barroso et al, 2017;Cullere et al, 2019;Ewald et al, 2020;Lim et al, 2019;Liu et al, 2019). The age of the larvae also has a large effect on the fatty acid profile, with an increase in saturated fatty acids, and decreasing levels of unsaturated fatty acids in older larvae (Liu et al, 2017).…”

“…With taste being the biggest predictor of acceptance (Pambo, Okello, Mbeche, Kinyuru, & Alemu, 2018;Schouteten et al, 2016), defining and understanding the flavour characteristics of BSFL requires more in-depth research as this will ultimately determine whether BSFL will be accepted as food ingredient. A key element in further studies should include how the feed and larval age affects these sensory characteristics, especially as the feed has a direct impact on the fatty acid profile of the larvae (Barroso et al, 2017;Cullere et al, 2019;Ewald et al, 2020;Lim et al, 2019;Liu et al, 2019).…”