“…The results of this retrospective study are consistent with other studies focusing on the effect of smoking on fistula formation, 5,[19][20][21] length of hospital stay, 5 need for surgical reintervention, 15 and flap complications, such as failure, 5,10,14,19,[22][23][24][25] surgical site infection, 6,14,19,26,27 dehiscence, 19 and hematoma. 5,19 However, some studies identified smoking as a risk factor for flap failure 12,11 and flap hematoma.…”