Paleogeographic implications of late Miocene lacustrine and nonmarine evaporite deposits in the Lake Mead region: Immediate precursors to the Colorado River

Abstract

Thick late Miocene nonmarine evaporite (mainly halite and gypsum) and related lacustrine limestone deposits compose the upper basin fill in half grabens within the Lake Mead region of the Basin and Range Province directly west of the Colorado Plateau in southern Nevada and northwestern Arizona. Regional relations and geochronologic data indicate that these deposits are late synextensional to postextensional (ca. 12-5 Ma), with major extension bracketed between ca. 16 and 9 Ma and the abrupt western margin of the Colorado Plateau established by ca. 9 Ma. Significant accommodation space in the half grabens allowed for deposition of late Miocene lacustrine and evaporite sediments. Concurrently, waning extension promoted integration of initially isolated basins, progressive enlargement of drainage nets, and development of broad, low gradient plains and shallow water bodies with extensive clastic, carbonate, and/or evaporite sedimentation. The continued subsidence of basins under restricted conditions also allowed for the preservation of particularly thick, localized evaporite sequences prior to development of the through-going Colorado River. The spatial and temporal patterns of deposition indicate increasing amounts of freshwater input during the late Miocene (ca. 12-6 Ma) immediately preceding arrival of the Colorado River between ca. 5.6 and 4.9 Ma. In axial basins along and proximal to the present course of the Colorado River, evaporite deposition (mainly gypsum) transitioned to lacustrine limestone progressively from east to west, beginning ca. 12-11 Ma in the Grand Wash Trough in the east and shortly after ca. 5.6 Ma in the western Lake Mead region. In several satellite basins to both the north and south of the axial basins, evaporite deposition was more extensive, with thick halite (>200 m to 2.5 km thick) accumulating in the Hualapai, Overton Arm, and northern Detrital basins. Gravity and magnetic lows suggest that thick halite may also lie within the northern Grand Wash, Mesquite, southern Detrital, and northeastern Las Vegas basins. New tephrochronologic data indicate that the upper part of the halite in the Hualapai basin is ca. 5.6 Ma, with rates of deposition of ~190-450 m/m.y., assuming that deposition ceased approximately coincidental with the arrival of the Colorado River. A 2.5-km-thick halite sequence in the Hualapai basin may have accumulated in ~5-7 m.y. or ca. 12-5 Ma, which coincides with lacustrine limestone deposition near the present course of the Colorado River in the region. The distribution and similar age of the limestone and evaporite deposits in the region suggest a system of late Miocene axial lakes and extensive continental playas and salt pans. The playas and salt pans were probably fed by both groundwater discharge and evaporation from shallow lakes, as evidenced by sedimentary textures. The elevated terrain of the Colorado Plateau was likely a major source of water that fed the lakes and playas. The physical relationships in the Lake Mead region suggest that thick nonmarine evapori...

Birth and evolution of the Virgin River fluvial system: ∼1 km of post–5 Ma uplift of the western Colorado Plateau

“…These basins formed at the major onset of extension ca. 17 Ma (Faulds et al, 2016). The Hualapai Limestone provides a record of a spring-fed lake (Lake Hualapai) in Grand Wash Trough that persisted from 13 Ma until the 6-4.5 Ma arrival of the CR (Spencer et al, 2001;Crossey et al, 2015).…”

“…Thick deposits of gypsum in the northern Grand Wash Trough provide evidence for internal drainage until ca. 5 Ma (Faulds et al, 2016). A stream entering Grand Wash from the north likely eroded headward until reaching the Canaan Peak Formation exposed on the southeastern flanks of the Pine Valley Mountains.…”

Insights into post-Miocene uplift of the western margin of the Colorado Plateau from the stratigraphic record of the lower Colorado River

“…The timing of river arrival to the same general area is further constrained to before 4.49 ± 0.46 Ma based on 40 Ar/ 39 Ar dating of the Sandy Point basalt, which overlies river gravel ( Fig. 2) (Faulds et al, 2001(Faulds et al, , 2016. These are important geologic constraints that must be honored in any model of the processes by which the Colorado River came to occupy its current position and carve Grand Canyon (e.g., Blackwelder, 1934;Hunt, 1969;Hill et al, 2008;Pederson, 2008;Polyak et al, 2008;Wernicke, 2011;Karlstrom et al, 2014).…”

“…Available age control suggests that Bullhead aggradation was already underway in what is now the Lake Mead area by ca. 4.5 Ma (Faulds et al, 2016). Tephrochronology indicates that Bullhead aggradation culminated in Mohave Valley soon after 4.1 Ma and that the aggradation package had been partially dissected by 3.3 Ma (House et al, 2008;Howard et al, 2015).…”

“…About 13 valley km downstream from the Grand Wash basalt incision point, another basalt flow dated at 4.49 ± 0.46 Ma (Faulds et al, 2016) overlies Colorado River gravel near Sandy Point (Fig. 2).…”