Paliurus Fruits from the Oligocene of South China and Their Phytogeographic Implications

Jia, Dong; Sun, Bainian; Ma, Feifei; Wang, Qiujun; Jin, Peihong; Wang, Wenjia; Deng, Peng; Yang, Yi; Li, Xiaojing

doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0140653

Cited by 13 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…It should be noted that several recent studies have suggested that long-distance dispersal may have played important roles in certain intercontinental disjunctions (Nie & al., 2005;Popp & al., 2011). Furthermore, long-distance dispersal could potentially have caused the disjunct distribution of Paliurus, because the species' winged drupes may be dispersed by wind (Dong & al., 2015). However, long-distance dispersal need not be highly correlated with the morphology of diaspores (Higgins & al., 2003;Thomas & al., 2015).…”

Section: Version Of Recordmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the dispersal distance of diaspores is limited by the height of plants ( Thomson & al., 2011). As species of Paliurus are shrubs and small trees, long-distance dispersal of the genus by this mechanism seems unlikely (Dong & al., 2015). Thus, vicariant fragmentation driven by uplift of the QTP seems the likeliest explanation of the present disjunction.…”

Section: Version Of Recordmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(Rhamnaceae) appears to be an ideal plant group for testing the "Out-of-India" hypothesis. Paliurus includes five extant species of deciduous and evergreen shrubs or small trees which produce winged drupes that can be dispersed by wind (Dong & al., 2015). This genus displays a disjunct distribution pattern in East Asia and the Mediterranean region: one occurring in South Europe and West Asia, while all the others occur in East Asia (Schirarend & Olabi, 1994;Chen & Schirarend, 2007) (Fig.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Out‐of‐India dispersal of Paliurus (Rhamnaceae) indicated by combined molecular phylogenetic and fossil evidence

Chen

Meseguer

Martin

et al. 2012

TAXON

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Paliurus (Rhamnaceae) is a small genus with a narrow and disjunct distribution in East Asia and the Mediterranean. Fossil evidence from the Late Cretaceous to the present suggests it once had a broad geographic distribution, encompassing parts of India, North America, Asia, and Europe. To reconstruct the evolutionary history of Paliurus and understand the origin of the disjunction observed today in the Northern Hemisphere, phylogenetic and biogeographical reconstructions were performed based on ITS, trnL-F, and rbcL sequences. Paliurus is shown to be a monophyletic genus, which could be divided into two clades as suggested by previous studies. Biogeographical inference integrated with fossil information indicates that the origin and dispersal pattern of the genus coincide with the "Out-of-India" hypothesis. The genus may have originated in India or other parts of Gondwana and then dispersed to East Asia after the collision of the Indian subcontinent with Eurasia, and to North America via the Bering land bridge. Paliurus appears to have reached the Mediterranean region in the late Oligocene following closure of the Turgai Strait. The uplift of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau and the advent of drying and cooling climates during the Miocene may have fragmented the distribution of the genus, shaping the biogeographical patterns observed today. Paliurus populations in different regions either became extinct or adapted to changes in local ecological conditions following global climatic shifts through geological time.

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Section: Version Of Recordmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Version Of Recordmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Out‐of‐India dispersal of Paliurus (Rhamnaceae) indicated by combined molecular phylogenetic and fossil evidence

Chen

Meseguer

Martin

et al. 2012

TAXON

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“…Due to the incompleteness of the fossil record of diaspores and historical sampling bias towards mid‐latitude regions, databases of previous studies that looked at diaspore size through time were limited by their geographical extent, and by the absence of more recent fossil discoveries from low‐latitude palaeofloras, e.g. floras from the Paleocene of South America and Oligocene of South China (Doria et al ., 2008; Wing et al ., 2009; Chen & Manchester, 2015; Dong et al ., 2015; Chen et al ., 2017 b ; Liufu, Chen & Wang, 2017; Hu et al ., 2017). We present a new data set including more than 800 georeferenced occurrences of fossil diaspores to quantify patterns of fleshy diaspore size and abundance through time, at both low and mid‐ to high palaeolatitudes.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patterns of variation in fleshy diaspore size and abundance from Late Triassic–Oligocene

Naware,

Benson

2023

Biological Reviews

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Vertebrate‐mediated seed dispersal is a common attribute of many living plants, and variation in the size and abundance of fleshy diaspores is influenced by regional climate and by the nature of vertebrate seed dispersers among present‐day floras. However, potential drivers of large‐scale variation in the abundance and size distributions of fleshy diaspores through geological time, and the importance of geographic variation, are incompletely known. This knowledge gap is important because fleshy diaspores are a key mechanism of energy transfer from photosynthesis to animals and may in part explain the diversification of major groups within birds and mammals. Various hypotheses have been proposed to explain variation in the abundance and size distribution of fleshy diaspores through time, including plant–frugivore co‐evolution, angiosperm diversification, and changes in vegetational structure and climate. We present a new data set of more than 800 georeferenced fossil diaspore occurrences spanning the Triassic–Oligocene, across low to mid‐ to high palaeolatitudes. We use this to quantify patterns of long‐term change in fleshy diaspores, examining the timing and geographical context of important shifts as a test of the potential evolutionary and climatic explanations. We find that the fleshy fruit sizes of angiosperms increased for much of the Cretaceous, during the early diversification of angiosperms from herbaceous ancestors with small fruits. Nevertheless, this did not cause a substantial net change in the fleshy diaspore size distributions across seed plants, because gymnosperms had achieved a similar size distribution by at least the Late Triassic. Furthermore, gymnosperm‐dominated Mesozoic ecosystems were mostly open, and harboured low proportions of specialised frugivores until the latest Cretaceous, suggesting that changes in vegetation structure and plant–frugivore co‐evolution were probably not important drivers of fleshy diaspore size distributions over long timescales. Instead, fleshy diaspore size distributions may be largely constrained by physical or life‐history limits that are shared among groups and diversify as a plant group expands into different growth forms/sizes, habitats, and climate regimes. Mesozoic gymnosperm floras had a low abundance of fleshy diaspores (<50% fleshy diaspore taxa), that was surpassed by some low‐latitude angiosperm floras in the Cretaceous. Eocene angiosperm floras show a mid‐ to high latitude peak in fleshy fruit abundance, with very high proportions of fleshy fruits that even exceed those seen at low latitudes both in the Eocene and today. Mid‐ to high latitude proportions of fleshy fruits declined substantially over the Eocene–Oligocene transition, resulting in a shift to more modern‐like geographic distributions with the highest proportion of fleshy fruits occurring in low‐latitude tropical assemblages. This shift was coincident with global cooling and the onset of Southern Hemisphere glaciation, suggesting that rapid cooling at mid‐ and high latitudes caused a decrease in availability of the climate conditions most favourable for fleshy fruits in angiosperms. Future research could be focused on examining the environmental niches of modern fleshy fruits, and the potential effects of climate change on fleshy fruit and frugivore diversity.

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Reconstruction of atmospheric CO2 during the Oligocene based on leaf fossils from the Ningming Formation in Guangxi, China

Sun

Wang

Konrad

et al. 2017

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology

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Paliurus Fruits from the Oligocene of South China and Their Phytogeographic Implications

Cited by 13 publications

References 31 publications

Out‐of‐India dispersal of Paliurus (Rhamnaceae) indicated by combined molecular phylogenetic and fossil evidence

Out‐of‐India dispersal of Paliurus (Rhamnaceae) indicated by combined molecular phylogenetic and fossil evidence

Patterns of variation in fleshy diaspore size and abundance from Late Triassic–Oligocene

Reconstruction of atmospheric CO2 during the Oligocene based on leaf fossils from the Ningming Formation in Guangxi, China

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