Palladium-Catalyzed Heck Cross-Coupling Reactions in Water: A Comprehensive Review

The Effect of Functional Group Polarity in Palladium Immobilized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Catalysis: Application in Carbon–Carbon Coupling Reaction

“…As already mentioned, DMF was the better solvent with these catalysts, with yield reaching as high as 99.78% in 60 min. Yields were relatively lower and reaction times were longer in toluene, which was in line with what has been reported before [34,35]. In the case of DMF, the reactions were completed in 60 min with the nanohybrids and it took 90 min with Pd/C.…”

“…Typical Heck reaction with conventional palladium salts requires 1–2 mol % catalyst [34,35]. In the present work with MWCNT-Pd hybrids, significantly lower quantities of Pd (order of 0.01 mol % Pd) resulted in higher yield at shorter reaction times.…”

“…The pd-catalyzed reaction between aryl or alkenyl halides and olefins to deliver substituted olefins with high E-selectivity—known as the Heck reaction—is one of the most fundamental reactions in cross-coupling chemistry [34,35]. Initially, soluble Pd/Pt containing organometallic compounds were used as catalysts [34,35].…”

“…Initially, soluble Pd/Pt containing organometallic compounds were used as catalysts [34,35]. Later on, metal nanoparticle coated CNTs which represents the next generation of homogeneous catalyst were used to carry out these cross-coupling reactions.…”

“…Later on, metal nanoparticle coated CNTs which represents the next generation of homogeneous catalyst were used to carry out these cross-coupling reactions. These have an advantage of easy separation of catalyst through centrifugation or precipitation [34–36]…”